Objetivo: descrever a mortalidade por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) no período 2000-2011 e as projeções do Plano de Enfrentamento das DCNT no Brasil para 2011-2022. Métodos: estudo descritivo das taxas de mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório, câncer, diabetes e doenças respiratórias crônicas, com correções para causas mal definidas e sub-registro de óbitos informados. Resultados: houve um declínio médio de 2,5% ao ano no conjunto das quatro principais DCNT no Brasil; houve declínio em todas as regiões; ocorreram quedas importantes, de 3,3% para doenças cardiovasculares e de 4,4% para doenças respiratórias crônicas, com menores declínios para o câncer, de 0,9%, e para o diabetes, de 1,7%. Conclusões: a redução de 2% ao ano, já no primeiro ano do monitoramento, é positiva; espera-se, com a implementação das ações previstas no Plano de Enfrentamento das DCNT, e mantida queda como a observada na última década, que o Brasil cumpra a meta proposta.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar as tendências de mortalidade por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) no período de 2000 a 2013 e a probabilidade de morte até 2025. Método: Análise de série temporal de mortalidade das DCNT (doenças cardiovasculares, câncer, diabetes e doenças respiratórias crônicas), com correções para causas mal definidas e sub-registro de óbitos, e a probabilidade de morte por essas doenças. Resultados: Houve declínio médio de 2,5% ao ano no conjunto das quatro principais DCNT no Brasil entre 2000 e 2013, em todas as regiões e unidades federativas. A probabilidade de morte foi reduzida de 30% em 2000 para 26,1% em 2013, e estima-se que caia para 20,5% em 2025. Conclusões: Dada a tendência de queda, prevê-se que o Brasil atinja a meta global de redução de 25% até 2025.

Abstract

ABSTRACT:Objective: To evaluate the association between the consumption of psychoactive substances (tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs) and demographic variables, mental health and family context among school-aged children. Methods: The National Adolescent School-based Health Survey was held with a national sample of 109,104 students. Data regarding demographic variables, family background and mental health were collected. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations of interest. Results: Multivariate analyses showed that alcohol consumption was higher among girls, drug experimentation was more frequent among boys and that there was no difference between sexes for smoking. Being younger and mulatto were negatively associated with the use of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs. Also negatively associated with such risk behaviors were characteristics of the family context represented by: living with parents, having meals together and parental supervision (when parents know what the child does in their free time). Moreover, characteristics of mental health such as loneliness and insomnia were positively associated with use of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs. Not having friends was positively associated with use of tobacco and illicit drugs and negatively associated with alcohol use. Conclusions: The study shows the protective effect of family supervision in the use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs and, on the contrary, the increasing use of substances according to aspects of mental health, such as loneliness, insomnia and the fact of not having friends. The study's findings may support actions from health and education professionals, as well as from the government and families in order to prevent the use of these substances by adolescents.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar o uso de substâncias psicoativas (tabaco, álcool e drogas ilícitas) em escolares em relação a fatores sociodemográficos, contexto familiar e saúde mental. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados da amostra de 102.301 escolares do nono ano da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2015. Realizou-se o cálculo da prevalência de uso de tabaco e de álcool nos últimos 30 dias e experimentação de drogas, segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, contexto familiar e saúde mental. Procedeu-se a análise univariada, por teste do χ2 de Pearson e cálculo das odds ratios (OR) não ajustadas. Por fim, realizou-se análise multivariada para cada desfecho com as variáveis que apresentaram associação com os desfechos (p < 0,20), calculando-se as OR ajustadas com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: A prevalência de uso de tabaco foi de 5,6%; do uso de álcool, 23,8%; e da experimentação de drogas, 9,0%. A análise multivariada apontou que, no contexto familiar, morar com os pais, fazer refeição com pais ou responsável e a supervisão familiar foram associados a menor uso de substâncias; enquanto faltar às aulas sem consentimento dos pais aumentou a chance de uso. Maior chance do uso de substâncias esteve ainda associada a cor branca, aumento da idade, trabalhar, sentir-se solitário e ter insônia. Não ter amigos foi associado com uso de drogas e tabaco, porém foi protetor para o uso de álcool. Conclusões: A supervisão familiar foi protetora do uso de substâncias psicoativas em escolares brasileiros, enquanto trabalhar, sentir-se solitário e ter insônia aumentaram suas chances de uso.

In addition to the association with the processes of socialization and consumption, the influence of family and school is expressed in a particularly protective manner in different records of direct supervision and care.

Background Transfusion of blood components prior to invasive procedures in cirrhosis patients is high and associated with adverse events. Objectives We compared three transfusion strategies prior to central venous catheterization in cirrhosis patients. Patients/Methods Single center randomized trial that included critically ill cirrhosis patients with indication for central venous line in a tertiary private hospital in Brazil. Interventions: Restrictive protocol, thromboelastometry‐guided protocol, or usual care (based on coagulogram). The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients transfused with any blood component (ie, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, or cryoprecipitate). The secondary endpoints included incidence of bleeding and transfusion‐related adverse events. Results A total of 57 patients (19 per group; 64.9% male; mean age, 53.4 ± 11.3 years) were enrolled. Prior to catheterization, 3/19 (15.8%) in the restrictive arm, 13/19 (68.4%) in the thromboelastometry‐guided arm, and 14/19 (73.7%) in the coagulogram‐guided arm received blood transfusion (odds ratio [OR], 0.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01‐0.45; P = .002 for restrictive versus coagulogram‐guided arm; OR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.01‐0.56; P = .006 for restrictive versus thromboelastometry‐guided arm; and OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.14‐4.15; P = .931 for thromboelastometry‐guided versus coagulogram‐guided arm). The restrictive protocol was cost saving. No difference in bleeding, length of stay, mortality, and transfusion‐related adverse events was found. Conclusions The use of a restrictive strategy is associated with a reduction in transfusion prior to central venous catheterization and costs in critically ill cirrhosis patients. No effect on bleeding was found among the groups.

BackgroundFocused echocardiographic examinations performed by intensivists and emergency room physicians can be a valuable tool for diagnosing and managing the hemodynamic status of critically ill children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the learning curve achieved using a theoretical and practical training program designed to enable pediatric intensivists and emergency physicians to conduct targeted echocardiograms.MethodsTheoretical and practical training sessions were conducted with 16 pediatric intensivist/emergency room physicians. The program included qualitative analyses of the left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) functions, evaluation of pericardial effusion/cardiac tamponade and valvular regurgitation and measurements of the distensibility index of the inferior vena cava (dIVC), ejection fraction (EF) and cardiac index (CI). The practical training sessions were conducted in the intensive care unit; each student performed 24 echocardiograms. The students in training were evaluated in a practical manner, and the results were compared with the corresponding examinations performed by experienced echocardiographers. The evaluations occurred after 8, 16 and 24 practical examinations.ResultsThe concordance rates between the students and echocardiographers in the subjective analysis of the LV function were 81.3% at the first evaluation, 96.9% at the second evaluation and 100% at the third evaluation (p < 0.001). For the dIVC, we observed a concordance of 46.7% at the first evaluation, 90.3% at the second evaluation and 87.5% at the third evaluation (p = 0.004). The means of the differences between the students’ and echocardiographers’ measurements of the EF and CI were 7% and 0.56 L/min/m2, respectively, after the third stage of training.ConclusionsThe proposed training was demonstrated to be sufficient for enabling pediatric physicians to analyze subjective LV function and to measure dIVC, EF and CI. This training course should facilitate the design of other echocardiography training courses that could be implemented in medical residency programs to improve these physicians’ technical skills and the care of critically ill patients.