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Background: The antimicrobial activity of essential oils has been reported in hundreds of studies, however, the great majority of these studies attribute the activity to the most prevalent compounds without analyzing them independently. Therefore, the aim was to investigate the antibacterial activity of 33 free terpenes commonly found in essential oils and evaluate the cellular ultrastructure to verify possible damage to the cellular membrane. Methods: Screening was performed to select substances with possible antimicrobial activity, then the minimal inhibitory concentrations, bactericidal activity and 24-h time-kill curve studies were evaluated by standard protocols. In addition, the ultrastructure of control and death bacteria were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Results: Only 16 of the 33 compounds had antimicrobial activity at the initial screening. Eugenol exhibited rapid bactericidal action against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (2 h). Terpineol showed excellent bactericidal activity against S. aureus strains. Carveol, citronellol and geraniol presented a rapid bactericidal effect against E. coli. Conclusions: The higher antimicrobial activity was related to the presence of hydroxyl groups (phenolic and alcohol compounds), whereas hydrocarbons resulted in less activity. The first group, such as carvacrol, l-carveol, eugenol, trans-geraniol, and thymol, showed higher activity when compared to sulfanilamide. Images obtained by scanning electron microscopy indicate that the mechanism causing the cell death of the evaluated bacteria is based on the loss of cellular membrane integrity of function. The present study brings detailed knowledge about the antimicrobial activity of the individual compounds present in essential oils, that can provide a greater understanding for the future researches.

a b s t r a c tA liquid chromatographic method for fast and simultaneous determination of tartaric, malic, ascorbic and citric acids was validated for further application to fruits and juices. Moreover, the organic acids content of commercial samples of fruits and juices were evaluated, as well as the ascorbic acid stability during the storage. Determination of organic acids was carried out using a liquid chromatograph coupled to a diode array detector, with reversed phase (C 18 column) and isocratic elution with 0.01 mol L À1 KH 2 PO 4 (pH = 2.60) mobile phase. The validation parameters showed efficiency, adequate linearity, relative standard deviation values between 0.4% and 2.3% (n = 10) for repeatability and from 1.2% to 5.0% (n = 18) for reproducibility, limits of detection (LD) were between 0.03 and 3.31 lg mL À1 and quantification (LQ) were between 0.10 and 11.03 lg mL À1 , recovery rates were between 82% and 110%, for two levels. In addition, the method is fast (10 min) and generates low and non-toxic residues. The values found for vitamin C were about 10 times above the values declared at the package. Ready to drink juices have a composition similar to the fruit, concerning to organic acids, except for the powder juice, in which only ascorbic and citric acids were found, for all tastes. After opening the package, a decrease of 14.0% and 27.0% in ascorbic acid content was observed for orange powder and ready to drink juices, respectively.

RESUMO:Foram avaliadas a ação antioxidante, ação antimicrobiana e a composição dos óleos essenciais de cravo-da-índia (Caryophillus aromaticus L.), citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus) e palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii). A ação antioxidante foi avaliada pelo método de DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazila), e a ação antimicrobiana determinada pelo método da microdiluição definindo-se a concentração inibitória mínima para os microrganismos Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Thyphimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Clostridium perfringens. A composição química dos óleos foi determinada por CG-DIC e a identificação dos compostos voláteis por CG-EM, em ambos os casos, utilizando uma coluna capilar DB-5. O óleo de cravoda-índia apresentou uma forte atividade antioxidante e ação antimicrobiana moderada a forte, sendo o eugenol o componente majoritário do óleo de cravo-da-índia (83,7%). Por outro lado, as amostras de citronela e palmarosa apresentaram fraca ação antioxidante, porém a ação antimicrobiana foi moderada a forte.Palavras-chave: radicais livres, cravo-da-índia, óleos essenciais, antioxidantes ABSTRACT: Composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of clove, citronella and palmarosa essential oils. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, as well as the chemical composition of essential oils of clove (Caryophillus aromaticus L.), citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) and palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) were studied. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method and the antimicrobial activity determined by the microdilution method. The minimal inhibitory concentration was defined against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Thyphimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium perfringens. The chemical composition of oils was determined by GC-FID and volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS, using a DB-5 fused silica capillary column. Clove essential oil showed very high antioxidant activity and moderate to high antimicrobial activity, and eugenol was its major compound (83.7%). On the other hand, citronella and palmarosa samples presented low antioxidant activity but showed moderate to high antimicrobial activity.

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AND AND sensory scores in both groups; these could be used to assess the freshness quality of grass carp. sensory scores in both groups; these could be used to assess the freshness quality of grass carp. sensory scores in both groups; these could be used to assess the freshness quality of grass carp. sensory scores in both groups; these could be used to assess the freshness quality of grass carp.

Context: Struthanthus vulgaris (Vell.) Mart. (Loranthaceae) has been widely used in traditional medicine in Brazil to bathe wounds. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the in vitro wound healing effects, together with the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of S. vulgaris leaf and branch extracts. Material and methods: Ethanol leaf and branch extracts of S. vulgaris were investigated at 1-100 mg/ml concentrations in the scratch assay after 14 h. Antioxidant activity was investigated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay, and the antibacterial activity was tested at concentrations up to 1000 mg/ml against Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria by the microdilution test after 24 h. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by colorimetric methods. Results: Struthanthus vulgaris leaf and branch extracts at 100 mg/ml concentration stimulated migration and proliferation of fibroblasts and enhanced cell numbers by 56.2% and 18.6%, respectively. Antioxidant activity exhibited IC 50 values of 24.3 and 18.9 mg/ml for the leaf and branch extracts, respectively. The ethanol leaf extract showed antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive Staphylococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, exhibiting minimum inhibitory concentration values of 125 and 500 mg/ml, respectively. An appreciable total phenolic content in the leaves (813.6 ± 2.7 mg/g) and branches (462.8 ± 9.6 mg/g), and relatively low concentration of flavonoids in the leaves (13.3 ± 4.3 mg/g) and branches (1.9 ± 0.2 mg/g), was detected. Discussion and conclusion: The antioxidant and antibacterial activities, together with the strong ability to stimulate proliferation and migration of fibroblasts, provide some support for the traditional use of S. vulgaris.