Proximal ureteral stone treatment requires multiple procedures until complete stone-free status is achieved. Laparoscopic ureterolithotomy is associated with higher success rates and fewer surgical procedures, but with more postoperative pain, longer procedures and a longer hospital stay. Although it is associated with the highest success rates for large proximal ureteral calculi, laparoscopic ureterolithotomy remains a salvage, second line procedure, and it seems more advantageous than open ureterolithotomy. At less well equipped centers, where semirigid ureterolithotripsy or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is not available, it remains a good treatment option.

There is a consistent association of HER-2/neu over expression and Gleason less than 7 with a higher RR of death and recurrence in patients with prostate cancer. Further clinical trials should test the hypothesis that HER-2/neu is a marker of a clinically worse outcome in patients with prostate cancer and a potential target for therapy.

The use of dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy to detect lymph node metastasis in specialized centers appears to be justified. Addiction of other techniques to DSNB to reduce false-negative results is awaited and must be confirmed by future studies.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the surgical morbidity and effectiveness in improving symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), comparing 'button-type' bipolar plasma vaporisation (BTPV) vs transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). MethodsWe conducted a literature search of published articles until November 2014. Only prospective and randomised studies with comparative data between BTPV and conventional TURP (mono-or bipolar) were included in this review. ResultsSix articles were selected for the analyses. In the 871 patients evaluated, 522 underwent TURP and 349 BTPV. There was a tendency for a higher transfusion rate in the TURP group, with two BTPV cases (0.006%) and 16 TURP cases (0.032%) requiring transfusions (P = 0.06). The number of complications was similar between the groups (odds ratio 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8-1.31; P = 0.12; I 2 = 86%). When subdivided by severity, 10.7% (14/131) and 14.6% (52/355) of complications were classified as severe (Clavien 3 or 4) in patients who underwent BTPV and TURP, respectively (P = 0.02). The average duration of indwelling catheterisation was significantly less in patients who underwent BTPV (standardised mean difference [SMD] À0.84; 95% CI À1.54 to 0.14; P = 0.02; I 2 = 81%). Both treatments significantly improved symptoms and the postoperative International Prostate Symptom Score was similar in both groups (SMD 0.09, 95% CI À1.56 to 1.73; P = 0.92). ConclusionBTPV is an effective and safe treatment for BPH. The improvement of urinary symptoms and overall complications are comparable to conventional TURP. However, BTVP appears to be associated with a lower rate of major complications and duration of indwelling catheterisation.

Objectives: To evaluate whether biochemical parameters are associated with a good glycemic control and to identify the occurrence of cardiometabolic risk variables. Material and methods: One hundred forty Brazilians were evaluated. The subjects were characterized with regard to glycemic control as good, fair and poor and were divided into tertiles by TG and HbA 1c . We use the ROC curve to determine which variables were predicted of poor glycemic control and the factor analyses to identify the domains that segregated among the risk variables. Results: Fasting glucose and insulin levels, TG level, VLDL-C and HOMA-IR increased significantly across HbA 1c tertiles. The best marker for identification of poor glycemic control was triglycerides. The presence of cardiometabolic abnormalities did not alter the glycemic control, but HOMA-IR was significantly higher in subjects with abnormalities. Conclusion: The use of TG levels offers a reasonable degree of clinical utility. In morbidly obese subjects insulin resistance is associated with individual cardiometabolic factors.

Comorbidades e sinais de alerta da pneumonia adquirida na comunidade: análise de pacientes com mais de 50 anosComorbidities and warning signals of community acquired pneumonia:analysis of patients over 50 years old Resumo Introdução: a pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (PAC) é a maior causa de morte por doenças infecciosas no mundo, principalmente em idosos. São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, demonstra um aumento de população idosa (28%), devido ao aumento da expectativa de vida. Assim, o número de casos em pacientes ≥ 50 anos aumentou drasticamente. Dos 567 casos notificados em São Caetano Sul, de maio a dezembro de 2005 e de março a setembro de 2006, 70% correspondiam a idosos. Objetivo: analisar as comorbidades relacionadas à PAC em pacientes ≥ 50 anos e os sinais de alerta que estes apresentam no início do tratamento ambulatorial em São Caetano do Sul. Casuística e métodos: foram analisados 41 casos de PAC em pacientes ≥ 50 anos que apresentavam o quadro clínico compatível com infecção respiratória aguda, achado de infiltrado pulmonar novo ao raio X de tórax, associado à pelo menos um dos itens: desidratação, febre ≥ 38 ºC e tosse produtiva. Os critérios de exclusão foram a presença de doenças pulmonares e portadores de HIV. Resultados e conclusões: analisou-se o quadro de PAC em 41 pacientes com ≥ 50 anos, com sinais e sintomas característicos aos exames no Pronto Socorro. Devido à particularidade da amostra estudada, não se podem generalizar os resultados. Houve prevalência do sexo feminino, sendo a idade média dos pacientes de 69 anos Das comorbidades analisadas, a insuficiência cardíaca congestiva teve maior prevalência (50%), seguida pela insuficiência renal (25%). Dos pacientes analisados, 24% apresentavam uréia > 40 mg/dL e 18% apresentavam taquipnéia. Palavras-Chave: Pneumonia adquirida na comunidade; comorbidade; sinais de alerta; São Caetano do Sul; idoso.Abstract Introduction: the Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the major cause of death by infectious diseases in the world, especially among the elderly. Sao Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, shows a growth of the elderly population (28%), due to the rise of the life expectancy. Therefore, the number of cases in patients older than 50 years old rose drastically. From the 567 cases related in São Caetano do Sul, from May to December of 2005 and from March to September of 2006, 70% were related to elders. Objective: analyze the comorbidities related to CAP in patients older than 50 years, and the alert signs shown by them in the beginning of the ambulatory treatment in São Caetano do Sul. Subjectives and methods: 41 cases of CAP were analyzed in patients older than 50 years which presented clinical situation compatible with deep breathing infection, new pulmonary infiltrate discovered in the X-Ray exam of the chest,which is related to at least one of the following items: dehydration, fever and productive cough. The exclusion criteria were the diagnosis of lung diseases and HIV. Results and conclusions: the CAP scenes of 41 patients older then 50 years were a...

Of the equations studied, those of Sobh and Salazar-Corcoran seem to be the best for estimating the glomerular filtration rate in severely obese patients analyzed in our study.