RESUMOMethods: Larval indices were built up block by block and for the entire municipality. We used the cross-lagged correlation method to assess the correlation between dengue cases and larval indices. The kernel estimator was used for spatial analysis. Results: The cross-lagged correlation between dengue cases and larval indices was significant. The kernel estimator maps of positive findings among recipients indicated heterogeneous distribution over the course of the study period. Over two years of transmission, the epidemic occurred in different regions. Conclusions: There was no evidence of a relationship between larval infestation and dengue occurrence. Incorporation of geoprocessing techniques and spatial analysis into the program, if used immediately after completion of activities, might contribute towards the control actions, thereby indicating spatial agglomerations of higher incidence.
Introduction: Brazilian spotted fever is an emerging zoonosis notified mainly in the Southeast of Brazil, especially due to its high level of lethality. Objective: To analyze the epidemiological and spatial pattern of the disease in the municipality of Valinhos (106,793 inhabitants), São Paulo, Southeastern region of Brazil, in the period between 2001 and 2012. Methods: All laboratory-confirmed cases with likely site of infection in the city (n = 49) notified in the Brazilian Case Registry Database were studied. Sites were geocoded using the cartographic base of the city and Google Earth (geographic coordinates) with correction according to the Brazilian Geodetic System. We used the Kernel estimator to analyze the density of the cases on the map. Land cover and distance to basins of all cases were analyzed. Information about tick species and primary hosts were obtained from reports of the Superintendence of Control of Endemic Diseases. Results: Seasonality of the disease was observed with the highest incidence from June to November, and in 2005 and 2011. The most affected groups were men (79.6%) aged 20-49 years old (49%). Lethality was found to be 42.9%. Maps showed the progressive registration of cases in the urban area. Capybaras were reported as the main primary host, and Amblyomma cajennense was identified in probable sites of infection during field investigation. The likely sites of infection were mostly located near basins, dirty pastures, and bordering woods. Conclusions: The transmission pattern of Brazilian spotted fever in Valinhos is similar to that in other cities in the region, where capybara is the main primary host and an amplifier of R. rickettsii. Over the years, a higher occurrence of cases has been identified in the urban area of the city.
Indicadores morfométricos são importantes mecanismos para a comunicação de informações resumidas ou para a provisão de bases sólidas sobre as características físicas de bacias hidrográficas, o que possibilita adequar o manejo do uso e ocupação do solo e cobertura vegetal com base nessas características, visando garantir a sustentabilidade e influenciando no bem estar dos seres vivos. Portanto, nesse estudo, construiu-se um Índice de Análise Morfométrica e Aptidão do Uso do Solo e Cobertura Vegetal (IMUS) que integrou informações morfométricas e o atual uso e ocupação do solo na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Una, utilizando, em seu cálculo, bases científicas, indicadores morfométricos e técnicas de geoprocessamento. Os valores obtidos para os indicadores morfométricos demonstraram que a bacia apresenta características físicas desejáveis quanto à vulnerabilidade a processos erosivos, entretanto, o uso e ocupação do solo da Bacia Hidrográfica contrasta com a aptidão calculada na região nordeste da bacia apresentando baixos valores, o que refletiu no valor final do IMUS. Desta forma, o IMUS se mostrou um importante instrumento para a análise das características morfométricas e uso e ocupação do solo para a previsão de enchentes e controle da susceptibilidade à erosão das sub-bacias hidrográficas, podendo ser uma ferramenta de apoio na gestão de bacias hidrográficas e servir de suporte no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas. A B S T R A C T Morphometric indicators are important mechanisms for reporting summary information or for the provision of a solid foundation on the watersheds physical characteristics, which make possible to adapt the land use and management of the vegetation cover, based on those characteristics in order to ensure sustainability and influence on the welfare of human beings. Therefore, in this study, a Morphometric Analysis and Aptitude of the Land Use and Vegetal Cover (IMUS) was created, incorporating morphological information and current land use and occupation in Una River Basin, using in its calculation, scientific basis, morphometric indicators and geoprocessing techniques. The morphometric indicators of the values obtained showed that the watershed presents desirable physical characteristics in terms of erosion vulnerability, however, the watershed land use and occupation contrasts with the aptitude calculated in the northeast of the basin showing low values, which resulted in the final amount of IMUS. Thus, the IMUS has proved to be an important tool for the morphometric characteristics analysis and land use and occupation to forecast floods and erosion susceptibility control of sub-basins, allowing it to be a support tool in the management of watersheds and in the public policies development. Keywords: Morphometric indicators; Watershed; Geoprocessing.
ResumoIndicadores ambientais são importantes mecanismos para a comunicação de informações resumidas ou para a provisão de bases sólidas sobre o estado de degradação dos recursos hídricos em Bacias Hidrográficas. Portanto, nesse estudo construiu-se um Índice de Potencial Degradação dos Recursos Hídricos (IPDRH) que enfoca a degradação das matas ciliares, tipo de esgotamento sanitário e a forma de abastecimento de água presentes na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Una. Este índice utilizou em seu cálculo, bases científicas e técnicas de geoprocessamento. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi possível verificar que os valores de IPDRH estão abaixo de 0,5; isto é, abaixo de 50% do valor máximo admissível para esse índice, o que é explicado em parte pelos baixos valores de conservação das matas ciliares, enquanto que, as regiões sul e central da bacia hidrográfica apresentaram menores valores devido à falta de gestão na distribuição das águas para consumo humano e lançamento de esgotos domésticos. A área urbana em comparação a área rural apresentou os melhores valores de IPDRH, justificável pelo acesso da população às melhores condições de saneamento básico e a baixa exposição às possíveis contaminações da água. Palavras-chave: Degradação, Recursos hídricos, Geoprocessamento, Saneamento básico AbstractEnvironmental indicators are important mechanisms for reporting summary information or for provide a solid basis about the state of degradation of water resources in Watershed. Therefore, in this study we built up a Water Resources Potential Degradation Index (WRPDI) that focuses on the degradation of riparian forests, type of sanitation and the form of water supply present in Una River Watershed. This index use in your calculation, scientific basis and geoprocessing techniques. From the results, we found that WRPDI values are below 0.5, this is, below 50% of the maximum permissible value for this index, which is partly explained by the low values of conservation in riparian forests while the southern and central regions showed very low values due to the lack of water distribution management for human consumption and discharge of domestic sewage. The urban areas compared to rural areas showed the best WRPDI values, justified by population access to better sanitation conditions and low exposure to possible water contamination.
Dengue fever is a major public health problem worldwide, caused by any of four virus (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4; Flaviviridae: Flavivirus), transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito. Reducing the levels of infestation by A. aegypti is one of the few current strategies to control dengue fever. Entomological indicators are used by dengue national control program to measure the infestation of A. aegypti, but little is known about predictive power of these indicators to measure dengue risk. In this spatial case-control study, we analyzed the spatial distribution of the risk of dengue and the influence of entomological indicators of A. aegypti in its egg, larva-pupa and adult stages occurring in a mid-size city in the state of São Paulo. The dengue cases were those confirmed by the city's epidemiological surveillance system and the controls were obtained through random selection of points within the perimeter of the inhabited area. The values of the entomological indicators were extrapolated for the entire study area through the geostatistical ordinary kriging technique. For each case and control, the respective indicator values were obtained, according with its geographical coordinates and analyzed by using a generalized additive model. Dengue incidence demonstrated a seasonal behavior, as well as the entomological indicators of all mosquito's evolutionary stages. The infestation did not present a significant variation in intensity and was not a limiting or determining factor of the occurrence of cases in the municipality. The risk maps of the disease from crude and adjusted generalized additive models did not present differences, suggesting that areas with the highest values of entomological indicators were not associated with the incidence of dengue. The inclusion of other variables in the generalized additive models may reveal the modulatory effect for the risk of the disease, which is not found in this study.
Spatial analysis and fuzzy classification techniques were used to estimate the spatial distributions of heavy metals in soil. The work was applied to soils in a coastal region that is characterized by intense urban occupation and large numbers of different industries. Concentrations of heavy metals were determined using geostatistical techniques and classes of risk were defined using fuzzy classification. The resulting prediction mappings identify the locations of high concentrations of Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cu in topsoils of the study area. The maps show that areas of high pollution of Ni and Cu are located at the northeast, where there is a predominance of industrial and agricultural activities; Pb and Zn also occur in high concentrations in the northeast, but the maps also show significant concentrations of Pb and Zn in other areas, mainly in the central and southeastern parts, where there are urban leisure activities and trade centers. Maps were also prepared showing levels of pollution risk. These maps show that (1) Cu presents a large pollution risk in the north-northwest, midwest, and southeast sectors, (2) Pb represents a moderate risk in most areas, (3) Zn generally exhibits low risk, and (4) Ni represents either low risk or no risk in the studied area. This study shows that combining geostatistics with fuzzy theory can provide results that offer insight into risk assessment for environmental pollution.
Historically, the Human Development Index (HDI) is used to measure the socioeconomic performance of a population. Despite harsh criticism about its efficiency as an indicator of development, it is still widely used as a tool for public management planning. This study proposes a methodology using geoprocessing techniques to perform the mapping and prediction of HDI spatial distribution in the Una River Basin (HDI URB). We used data from the 2010 Demographic Census to calculate the sub-indexes of population longevity, education and income. After obtaining the results, we applied Ordinary Kriging geostatistical interpolation to obtain the continuous variation of HDI values. According to the results, the highest value of HDI URB was obtained in the northern region of the basin located near the urban area of the municipality of Ibiúna (0.86), decreasing as it approached the southern region (0.69), classified as an average human development. Finally, the methodology, despite some limitations, proved to be satisfactory, since it was able to represent internal differences in a water basin from the point of view of quality of life of the population. It may be applied as a tool for management and public administration.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.