A Geologia, até há bem pouco tempo, era freqüentemente considerada uma ciência baseada em interpretações puramente qualitativas dos fenômenos geológicos. Nos últimos 40 anos, porém, tem sido notável a mudança da fase descritiva para a utilização de métodos quantitativos, principalmente na área da Geologia Aplicada. Entre tantos temas relacionados com a quantificação em Geologia o assunto abordado neste artigo, que pretende ser de cunho didático, diz respeito à aplicação da Geoestatística na confecção de mapas geológicos. Na primeira parte do trabalho é feita uma introdução sobre os aspectos quantitativos na interpretação dos fenômenos geológicos, em seguida conceitos básicos sobre a metodologia geoestatística e, na última parte, uma aplicação clássica da geoestatística linear, baseada nos conceitos de estacionaridade da covariância e do variograma, para a confecção de mapas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Geoestatística, krigagem ordinária, mapeamento ABSTRACTUntil very time ago Geology was frequently considered a science based on purely qualitative interpretations of the geological phenomena. In the last 40 years, however, occurred a notable change from the descriptive phase to utilization of quantitative methods, mostly in the Applied Geology area. Among many related subjects to the quantification in Geology the boarded one in this paper concern the application of Geostatistics in geological mapping. In the first part of the article is introduced quantitative aspects in the interpretation of the geological phenomena, soon after basic concepts concerning geostatistical methodology and, finally, a classical application of lineal geostatistics, based on covariance and variogram stationary concepts, for spatial estimation and contouring.
O conceito de desempenho ambiental tem sido utilizado como forma para revelar as relações da empresa com o meio ambiente e com a sociedade, constituindo um parâmetro de análise da sua postura diante das questões sócio-ambientais. A avaliação dos aspectos e impactos ambientais gerados por determinada atividade é um instrumento da gestão ambiental, sendo aplicado, nesse trabalho, em uma pedreira de diabásio, na área de expansão urbana, no município de Campinas (SP). Foram avaliados os aspectos e impactos das etapas produtivas da pedreira e de suas instalações administrativas. Os impactos adversos mais significativos levantados foram a sobrepressão atmosférica e a vibração do terreno, causando desconforto à comunidade. Após tais levantamentos, algumas ações de melhoria foram implantadas pela empresa e resultaram na diminuição das reclamações por parte da comunidade; outras medidas, pró-ativas, devem ainda ser implementadas, principalmente aquelas voltadas para a prevenção de impactos negativos e a preservação do meio ambiente, além da recuperação da área degradada, como medida reativa.
The concept of environmental performance has been used as a way of revealing the relationships of a company with its environment and community, and is a parameter of its posture in addressing social and environmental questions. Evaluation of the environmental impacts generated by a certain activity is one instrument of environmental management. We present a case study of a diabase quarry located in an expanding urban area in the Municipality of Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Several aspects and impacts of the different stages of production in the quarry, as well as its administrative facilities, were evaluated. The most significant adverse impacts were airblast and ground vibration disturbing the neighborhood. After the environmental monitoring, some ameliorative actions were implemented and have resulted in reduction of claiming; new pro-active attitudes could be initiated by the company mostly related to prevention of negative impacts, environmental preservation, and reclamation of the quarry site, as a reactive posture
Spatial analysis and fuzzy classification techniques were used to estimate the spatial distributions of heavy metals in soil. The work was applied to soils in a coastal region that is characterized by intense urban occupation and large numbers of different industries. Concentrations of heavy metals were determined using geostatistical techniques and classes of risk were defined using fuzzy classification. The resulting prediction mappings identify the locations of high concentrations of Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cu in topsoils of the study area. The maps show that areas of high pollution of Ni and Cu are located at the northeast, where there is a predominance of industrial and agricultural activities; Pb and Zn also occur in high concentrations in the northeast, but the maps also show significant concentrations of Pb and Zn in other areas, mainly in the central and southeastern parts, where there are urban leisure activities and trade centers. Maps were also prepared showing levels of pollution risk. These maps show that (1) Cu presents a large pollution risk in the north-northwest, midwest, and southeast sectors, (2) Pb represents a moderate risk in most areas, (3) Zn generally exhibits low risk, and (4) Ni represents either low risk or no risk in the studied area. This study shows that combining geostatistics with fuzzy theory can provide results that offer insight into risk assessment for environmental pollution.
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