To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest series of patients with nasal LCH. When the mass is considerable in size, differentiation from other hypervascularized lesions may be intriguing. Under these circumstances, information obtained with imaging may sometimes suggest a correct diagnosis without resorting to biopsy. Endoscopic surgery is the treatment of choice even for large lesions, that do not require preoperative embolization.

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iNOS protein seems to be associated with extracapsular spread and invasion in head and neck cancer. Further studies are required to understand this role more fully.

Dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract show significant neoangiogenesis appearing as subepithelial and epithelial microvascular irregularities that can be detected by Image-Enhanced Endoscopy such as Narrow Band Imaging and Storz Professional Image Enhancement System. In the present study, the most advanced endoscopic enhancement systems were coupled with Contact Endoscopy (Enhanced Contact Endoscopy). This original method improved the identification and the understanding of the neoangiogenetic changes of the chorion in 42 patients with leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and leuko-erythroplakia of the oral cavity and oropharynx. The physiologic and pathologic mucosa was described in five obvious vascular patterns observed at Enhanced Contact Endoscopy ranging from normal to squamous cell carcinoma, passing through inflammation, hyperplasia, and dysplasia. Each vascular pattern was then compared to histology, showing that the microvascular architectural changes seen with Enhanced Contact Endoscopy are almost constant. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value in the differentiation between healthy mucosa and inflammation versus pathologic hyperplasia, dysplasia, and carcinoma were, respectively, 96.6, 93.3, 98.2, 87.5, and 95.9 %. Sensitivity and specificity were 100 % in differentiation between non-malignant lesions versus squamous cell carcinoma. Our preliminary experience shows that accuracy of Image-Enhanced Endoscopy in the diagnosis of precancerous lesions and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx can be increased if associated to Contact Endoscopy.

To our knowledge this is the second report in the world literature of carcinoma cuniculatum of the larynx. Carcinoma cuniculatum of the larynx must be considered as a distinct 'clinicopathological entity' and close cooperation between the clinician and the pathologist is essential for the correct diagnosis of these tumour as regards to the correct classification and therapy.

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The primary aim was to review the guidelines published by Otolaryngology Societies for performing tracheostomies in the COVID-19 pandemic. A secondary aim was to briefly review the literature for the effectiveness of surgical masks, N-95 and FFP-3 respirators, and power air purifying respirators (PAPRs) in reducing transmission of respiratory viral infections to health care workers while performing tracheostomy. Recommendations are mainly derived from clinical case series/retrospective observational studies from the SARS 2003/2004 outbreaks or experimental evidence for effectiveness for N-95/FFP-3 respirators and PAPRs. Differences do occur due to lack of evidence for COVID-19 as to whether N-95 and FFP-3 respirators are sufficient, or PAPRs should be recommended for tracheostomy. We would recommend adopting a conservative (protective) approach for HCWs teams performing tracheostomies, by routinely utilizing additional PPE such as PAPRs. Recommendations for the timing of tracheostomy also varied, however, almost all recommend a period of delay. The optimum duration of which is still unclear.