Borreliosis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is a cosmopolitan zoonosis studied worldwide; it is called Lyme disease in many countries of the Northern Hemisphere and Lyme-like or Baggio-Yoshinari Syndrome in Brazil. However, despite the increasing number of suspect cases, this disease is still neglected in Brazil by the medical and veterinary communities. Brazilian Lyme-like borreliosis likely involves capybaras as reservoirs and Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus ticks as vectors. Thus, domestic animals can serve as key carriers in pathogen dissemination. This zoonosis has been little studied in horses in Brazil. The first survey was performed in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and this Brazilian Borreliosis exhibits many differences from the disease widely described in the Northern Hemisphere. The etiological agent shows different morphological and genetic characteristics, the disease has a higher recurrence rate after treatment with antibiotics, and the pathogen stimulates intense symptoms such as a broader immune response in humans. Additionally, the Brazilian zoonosis is not transmitted by the Ixodes ricinus complex. With respect to clinical manifestations, Baggio-Yoshinari Syndrome has been reported to cause neurological, cardiac, ophthalmic, muscle, and joint alterations in humans. These symptoms can possibly occur in horses. Here, we present a current panel of studies involving the disease in humans and equines, particularly in Brazil.

BackgroundLyme borreliosis is a disease transmitted by ticks to mammals, especially in horses and humans. Caused by a spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, it can result in lameness, arthritis, carditis, dermatitis and neurological signs. Anaphylactoid reactions are severe responses caused by direct action of substances (drugs, toxins), which can pose risks to life. Still poorly documented in horses, these reactions are caused by the effects of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, kinins and arachidonic acid metabolites. The last two are the most clinically relevant for the species.Case presentationThe simultaneous occurrence of anaphylactoid reaction in two horses experimentally infected by Borrelia burgdorferi undergoing intravenous treatment with ceftriaxone sodium is reported. It was administered 4.7 × 108 spirochetes intradermal and subcutaneous applications in both horses to evaluate clinical aspects of the Lyme disease, 95 days before the application of sodium ceftriaxone. During the administration, one horse (a gelding) showed immediate and severe anaphylactoid symptoms such as urticaria, dyspnea, tachycardia, and eyelid edema, which were controlled by injecting dexamethasone. After 1 day, it expressed signs of abdominal discomfort, caused by severe bloat, which was treated surgically via celiotomy. Subsequently, this gelding had piroplasmosis and severe anemia, requiring treatment with an antimicrobial and blood transfusion. Second horse (a mare) showed signs of hypotension during the application of the antibiotic, which disappeared only when the application was interrupted. Days after the event, the mare developed moderate large colon bloat, which was treated with medication only. Subsequently the mare was evolved into the prodromal phase of laminitis in one of the forelimbs, which was treated for 10 days with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and rheology modifying drugs and cryotherapy.ConclusionsFrom the two cases presented here, it does appear that sodium ceftriaxone can induce anaphylactoid reactions in horses infected by Borrelia burgdorferi, which may evolve into colic syndrome, laminitis and the occurrence of opportunistic infections. However, further evidence should be collected in order to draw definite conclusions.

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Synovial fluid (SF) is capable of reflecting infectious, immunological, or inflammatory joint conditions in horses by altering its composition and appearance. Although plasma and SF compositions are quantitatively different, this latter compartment reflects changes in plasma macromolecules. Therefore, changes in serum immunoglobulin protein concentrations tend also to alter intracapsular levels. Therefore, it is necessary to know the physiological concentrations of proteins present in SF. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of total protein, albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, a1-acid glycoprotein, ceruloplasmin, and immunoglobulins A and G in SF of six healthy horses. The synovial proteinogram was obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The SF proteins reached a maximum of 25% of serum concentrations, varying inversely with molecular weight of the protein, except for the ceruloplasmin.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar em equino a influência do exercício progressivo e intenso realizado em esteira de alta

RESUMO.-[Ferrageamento corretivo em equinos: aná-lise do período de adaptação à nova condição imposta.] O ferrageamento corretivo é um método comumente utilizado para alterar o padrão do andamento dos animais, assim como na terapêutica de diversas afecções do sistema locomotor dos equinos. No entanto, não existem, até o momento, estudos cientíϐicos que revelem o período de adaptação do andamento dos animais a este tipo de intervenção. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o período de adaptação à ferraduras com elevação em seis graus da pinça ou talões em equinos caminhando em esteira rolante. O período de adaptação à ferradura foi avaliado nos tempos 0, 48 e 96 horas após cada tipo de ferrageamento proposto. Os animais foram gravados caminhando em esteira Corrective shoeing is a method commonly used to alter the locomotion pattern in animals or as therapy for various disorders of the locomotive system of horses. However, to date, there have been no scientiϐic studies discussing the period during which animals adapt to this type of intervention. The goal of this study was to evaluate the horseshoe adaptation period with the toe or heel elevated by six degrees at 0, 48, and 96 hours after each type of shoeing. For this analysis, the horses were recorded while walking on a treadmill. Stride length and gait qualitative analyzes were performed using Dvideow software. The level of signiϐicance adopted was 5%. In the present study, there was no signiϐicant difference between the evaluation times; elevating the toe or heel by six degrees do not generates discomfort during locomotion, therefore, horses are able to return to a regular exercise or training routine immediately after shoeing.

RESUMO:A pneumovagina é uma causa comum de infertilidade em éguas. Essa afecção se caracteriza pela presença continua ou intermitente de ar no canal vaginal. Como consequência pode ocorrer infecção e inflamação crônica da vagina e do útero. Éguas com pneumovagina são susceptíveis a ocorrência de endometrite, devido a presença de fezes e debris associado às diferenças na pressão intra-abdominal, vaginal e uterina. O tratamento é a correção cirúrgica do defeito anatômico que predispõe a afecção. A urovagina é uma patologia do trato reprodutivo posterior, caracterizada pelo acúmulo de urina no interior do canal vaginal, com maior frequência na sua porção anterior. O acúmulo de urina provoca irritação e contribui para a ocorrência de um quadro inflamatório e infeccioso do útero e da vagina, podendo o animal desenvolver vaginites, cevicites e endometrites. Neste caso, o tratamento deve levar em consideração a causa, visto que animais com baixa condição corporal podem ser beneficiados pelo ganho de peso, outros podem necessitar de tratamento cirúrgico para corrigir o orifício externo da uretra. A principal consequência, tanto para a pneumovagina quanto para a urovagina, é a diminuição da fertilidade, sendo importante a avaliação da mesma após o tratamento.Palavras-chave: Afecções vaginais, fêmea equina, perineoplastia. PNEUMOVAGINA AND UROVAGINA IN MARES -LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY:Pneumovagina is a common cause of mares infertility. This condition is characterized by continuous or intermittent air into the vagina. Consequently, infection and chronic inflammation of the vagina and uterus may occur. In mares with pneumovagina are likely endometritis, due to the presence of feces and debris into the vagina associated with differences in intra-abdominal, vaginal and uterine. The treatment is surgical correction of anatomic defect that predisposes to disease. The urovagina is a disease of the posterior reproductive tract, characterized by accumulation of urine in the vagina, most commonly in the anterior portion. The accumulation of urine causes irritation and contributes to inflammation and infection of the uterus and vaginal canal, the animal may develop vaginitis, endometritis and cevicites. Treatment should take into account the cause, since animals with poor body condition may benefit from weight gain. The remaining cases require surgical treatment to modify the external urethral orifice. The main consequence, both as to the pneumovagina urovagina is decreased fertility, it is important to evaluate the same after the treatment.

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