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Daily backpack carrying is a frequent cause of discomfort for schoolchildren. There is an association between this load and back pain, although the relationship is not direct. The results suggest the existence of personal physical and psychological factors that need to be investigated. Reduction of the daily backpack load borne by schoolchildren is recommended both on the basis of the current results and because it exceeds, proportionally, the legal load limits set for adults. All the different parties involved (school system, parents, children) play a role, and if the aim is to reduce this "weight of culture," all should be targeted through specific interventions. Recommendations are supplied for the achievement of this aim.

Non-technical summary It is still unknown how the autonomic nervous system influences the fractal dynamics of cardiovascular signals. We show that in supine volunteers vagal and sympathetic outflows contribute differently to the fractal structures of heart rate and blood pressure. The vagal outflow contributes with a 'white-noise' component to the heart rate dynamics, indirectly influencing also the fractal dynamics of blood pressure. The sympathetic outflow contributes with a Brownian motion component to the heart rate dynamics, increasing long-term fractal coefficients, without affecting long-term coefficients of blood pressure. Results are explained by the different distribution and dynamics of acetylcholine receptors and of α-and β-adrenergic receptors. Our findings may allow better delineating alterations of cardiovascular fractal dynamics in physiological and pathophysiological settings.Abstract How the autonomic nervous system influences the fractal dynamics of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) remains unclear. The purpose of our study was to separately assess cardiac vagal and sympathetic (cardiac vs. vascular) influences on fractal properties of HR and BP as described by scale exponents of detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). R-R intervals, systolic and diastolic BP were measured in nine supine volunteers before and after administration of autonomic blocking agents (atropine, propranolol, atropine + propranolol, clonidine). Spectra of DFA scale exponents, α(t), were calculated for scales between 5 and 100 s. HR and BP scale structures differed at baseline, being α(t) of HR <1, with a minimum between 10 and 20 s followed by a higher plateau between 40 to 80 s, while α(t) of BP decreased with t from values >1. Comparison of atropine and propranolol with baseline and combined cardiac parasympathetic and sympathetic blockade (atropine + propranolol) indicated opposite influences of vagal and cardiac sympathetic outflows on HR exponents. The vagal outflow adds white-noise components, amplifying differences with BP exponents; the cardiac sympathetic outflow adds Brownian motion components at short scales and contributes to the plateau between 40 and 80 s. Overall sympathetic inhibition by clonidine decreased short-and long-term exponents of HR, and short-term exponents of BP, so that their α(t) spectra had different means but similar profiles. Therefore, cardiac vagal, cardiac sympathetic and vascular sympathetic outflows contribute differently to HR and BP fractal structures. Results are explained by different distribution and dynamics of acetylcholine receptors and of α-and β-adrenergic receptors between heart and vasculature. Abbreviations BP, blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DFA, detrended fluctuation analysis; HF, high frequency; HR, heart rate; LF, low frequency; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; VLF, very low frequency.

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Our purpose was, through an extensive and systematic review of the literature, to verify the effectiveness of physical exercises in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. We performed a search of different databases (Medline, Cochrane Library, Embase, Cinhal), and a hand-search of the non-indexed pertinent literature, and found 11 papers: none of the studies was randomized, six were prospective, seven were controlled, and two compared their results to historical controls; one paper had both a prospective design and a concurrent control group. The methodological quality of the retrieved studies was reviewed and found to be very poor. With one exception, the published studies demonstrated the efficacy of physical exercises in reducing both the rate of progression or the magnitude of the Cobb angle at the end of treatment. However, being of poor quality, the literature failed to provide solid evidence for or against the efficacy of physical exercises in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nevertheless, considering that exercises could also be proposed on the basis that benefits rather than to avoid progression have been shown in the literature, and that the results contained in published studies here reviewed suggest an effect on the primary goal of preventing progression, there is a basis for discussion of this option with patients and their families, which in turn allows decisions to be made according to their preferences.

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Since inclusive BCIs require to consider interface sustainability, we evaluated different ergonomic aspects of the interaction of disabled users with a character-speller (goal: word spelling) and an icon-speller (goal: operating a real smart home). We found the first one as more sustainable in terms of accuracy and cognitive effort.