Adults with MDD engage in low levels of PA and high levels of SB. PA and SB are independent predictors of mortality, therefore, future lifestyle interventions targeting both the prevention of SB and adoption and maintenance of PA are warranted.

Physical activity counseling in women with GDM showed a significant effect compared with UPN on FBG concentrations, possibly due to a longer follow-up time compared with the EXE groups. This result highlights the importance of an early intervention that lasts to delivery for best practice of GDM management.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of heart rate (HR) throughout gestation, before, during, and after the exercise in water, as well as the behavior of blood pressure (BP) before and after the same exercise. Methods: The sample was composed of seven pregnant women. The HR was measured in three moments: 1) in radial artery, in 15 seconds, with the women sitting; 2) after 20 to 30 minutes the beginning of exercise, which was performed varying from 13 to 14 based on the subject's perceived exertion (Borg's 6-20 scale), with women standing in a pool, with water at the level of their xiphoid process; 3) approximately 20 minutes after the end of the session, with women sitting. The measurement of BP was performed before and after exercise in the same conditions described above. Measurements were taken once a week throughout the gestational period. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA for repeated measures and the Bonferroni test were used, with p < 0.05 (SPSS version 11.0). Results: No statistically significant differences were found between the end of gestational trimesters and measurement conditions of variables evaluated. Conclusion: We conclude that pregnants that practice water exercises presented a constant behavior of HR and BP during the gestational period. That can probably evidence a water training effect in this population.

The purpose of this study was to determine cardiorespiratory responses in pregnant and nonpregnant women during the execution of resistance exercises for upper and lower body. Twenty healthy women (10 pregnant: 22-24 weeks, 25.20 ± 4.44 years, 69.80 ± 9.52 kg, 161.60 ± 5.21 cm and 10 nonpregnant: 25.20 ± 3.73 years, 62.36 ± 8.60 kg, 162.40 ± 3.97 cm) performed 5 experimental sessions. Session 1: familiarization with the equipments and the determination of 1 estimated maximum repetition. Sessions 2, 3, 4, and 5: determination of the cardiorespiratory responses during the execution of resistance exercise on the bilateral leg extension and pec-deck fly, with 1 and 3 sets of 15 repetitions, 50% of 1 estimated maximum repetition. Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure (BP) responses were lower (p = 0.029, 0.018, 0.009, respectively) in the pregnant group. When the exercises were performed with a single set, heart rate showed increased values for bilateral leg extension (pregnant: 109.40 ± 10.75 b·min, nonpregnant: 108.51 ± 19.05 b·min) compared with pec-deck (pregnant: 101.59 ± 14.83 b·min, nonpregnant: 100.37 ± 12.36 b·min); however, when the exercises were performed with 3 sets, bilateral leg extension showed increased values for the heart rate (pregnant: 114.70 ± 13.58 b·min, nonpregnant: 121.29 ± 10.86 b·min), systolic (pregnant: 124.50 ± 17.32 mm Hg, nonpregnant: 136.00 ± 17.79 mm Hg), diastolic (pregnant: 68.10 ± 8.23 mm Hg, nonpregnant: 77.89 ± 15.25 mm Hg), and mean BP (pregnant: 86.90 ± 10.38 mm Hg, nonpregnant: 97.73 ± 12.64 mm Hg), ventilation (pregnant: 12.88 ± 4.05 L·min, nonpregnant: 15.02 ± 4.19 L·min), and oxygen consumption (pregnant: 0.41 ± 0.08 L·min, nonpregnant: 0.42 ± 0.09 L·min) compared with pec-deck fly exercise. We concluded that the pressure response was unaffected by pregnancy and showed to be safe during the performance of resistance exercises.

ObjectiveTheoretical concerns regarding the supine position at rest due to the gravid uterus obstructing aorta and vena caval flow may impinge uterine blood flow (UBF) to the fetus and maternal venous return.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesOnline databases up to 11 December 2017.Study criteriaEligible population (pregnant without contraindication to exercise), intervention (frequency, intensity, duration, volume or type of supine exercise), comparator (no exercise or exercise in left lateral rest position, upright posture or other supine exercise), outcomes (potentially adverse effects on maternal blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, oxygen saturation, fetal movements, UBF, fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns; adverse events such as bradycardia, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, perinatal mortality and other adverse events as documented by study authors), and study design (except case studies and reviews) published in English, Spanish, French or Portuguese.ResultsSeven studies (n=1759) were included. ‘Very low’ to ‘low’ quality evidence from three randomised controlled trials indicated no association between supervised exercise interventions that included supine exercise and low birth weight compared with no exercise. There was ‘very low’ to ‘low’ quality evidence from four observational studies that showed no adverse events in the mother; however, there were abnormal FHR patterns (as defined by study authors) in 20 of 65 (31%) fetuses during an acute bout of supine exercise. UBF decreased (13%) when women moved from left lateral rest to acute dynamic supine exercise.ConclusionThere was insufficient evidence to ascertain whether maternal exercise in the supine position is safe or should be avoided during pregnancy.

PURPOSE: To determine fetal heart rate (FHR) responses to maternal resistance exercise for the upper and lower body at two different volumes, and after 25 minutes post-exercise. METHODS: Ten pregnant women (22-24 weeks gestation, 25.2±4.4 years of age, 69.8±9.5 kg, 161.6±5.2 cm tall) performed, at 22-24, 28-32 and 34-36 weeks, the following experimental sessions: Session 1 was a familiarization with the equipment and the determination of one estimated maximum repetition. For sessions 2, 3, 4 and 5,FHR was determined during the execution of resistance exercise on bilateral leg extension and pec-deck fly machines, with 1 and 3 sets of 15 repetitions; 50% of the weight load and an estimated repetition maximum. FHR was assessed with a portable digital cardiotocograph. Results were analyzed using Student's t test, ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni (α=0.05; SPSS 17.0). RESULTS: FHR showed no significant differences between the exercises at 22-24 weeks (bilateral leg extension=143.8±9.4 bpm, pec-deck fly=140.2±10.2 bpm, p=0.34), 28-30 weeks (bilateral leg extension=138.4±12.2 bpm, pec-deck fly=137.6±14.0 bpm, p=0.75) and 34-36 weeks (bilateral leg extension=135.7±5.8 bpm, pec-deck fly=139.7±13.3 bpm, p=0.38), between the volumes(bilateral leg extension at 22-24 weeks: p=0.36, at 28-30 weeks: p=0.19 and at 34-36 weeks: p=0.87; pec-deck fly at 22-24 weeks: p=0.43, at 28-30 weeks: p=0.61 and at 34-36 weeks: p=0.49) and after 25 minutes post-exercise. CONCLUSION: Results of this pilot study would suggest that maternal resistance exercise is safe for the fetus. ResumoOBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a frequência cardíaca fetal (FCF) enquanto gestantes realizavam exercícios de força para os membros superiores e inferiores, com dois volumes diferentes, e 25 minutos pós-exercício. MÉTODOS: Dez gestantes (22-24 semanas, 25,2±4,4 anos, 69,8±9,5 kg, 161,6±5,2 cm) realizaram as seguintes sessões experimentais com 22-24, 28-32 e 34-36 semanas de gestação: A Sessão 1 foi a familiarização com os equipamentos e determinação de uma repetição máxima estimada. Para as Sessões 2, 3, 4 e 5, foi determinada a FCF durante a execução do exercício de força nos equipamentos extensão de joelhos bilateral e voador, com 1 e 3 séries de 15 repetições e carga de 50% de uma repetição máxima estimada. A FCF foi avaliada com um cardiotocógrafo digital portátil. Os resultados foram analisados com teste t de Student, ANOVA com medidas repetidas e Bonferroni (α=0,05; SPSS 17.0). RESULTADOS: A FCF não demonstrou diferença significativa entre os exercícios com 22-24 semanas (extensão de joelhos bilateral=143,8±9,4 bpm, voador=140,2±10,2 bpm, p=0,34), 28-30 semanas (extensão de joelhos bilateral=138,4±12,2 bpm, voador=137,6±14,0 bpm, p=0,75) e 34-36 semanas (extensão de joelhos bilateral=135, 7±5,8 bpm, voador=139,7±13,3 bpm, p=0,38), entre os volumes (extensão de joelhos bilateral com 22-24 semanas: p=0,36, 28-30 semanas: p=0,19 e 34-36 semanas: p=0,87; voador com 22-24 semanas: p=0,43, 28-30 semanas: p=0,61 e 34-36 ...

The present crossover design study investigated acute hemodynamic responses to two sets of leg press (LP) and bench press (BeP) at 10 and 20 repetition maximum (RM) in ten normotensive young men. At the end of each set, an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR), and rate pressure product (RPP) was observed (p<0.01), with no differences between intensities, but SBP was greater during the LP exercise (p<0.01). Lower resting values of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were observed in the post-BeP exercise period (p<0.05), suggesting that DBP post-exercise hypotension may be more evident after upper-limb exercise.

The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review with meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effect of a water-based exercise training in the maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2máx) in elderly. The eligible studies were identified in the databases MEDLINE, PEDro, Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde (BVS), Scopus and SportDiscus up to August 23 rd 2016. Data were extracted from randomized controlled trials that included elderly people (greater or equal than 60 years old) and that compared water-based exercise training, in the upright position, with a control group that did not trained or that performed a land-based exercise training. Meta-analyses were conducted using the differences between the averages of the post-intervention values of intervention and control groups, using the random effect model and the statistical heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q test and inconsistency (I 2). Of a total of 2229 trials, seven were included with a total of 227 subjects. The results of the primary outcome indicated a significant effect of the VO 2máx in favor to the water-based exercise compared to control group (95%CI: 7.04 (3.29; 10.79); I 2 98%; p<0.05). It can be concluded that water-based exercise training is an effective exercise to improve cardiorespiratory conditioning and can be indicated as a modality to improve aerobic capacity in elderly people.