The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ricotta whey (RW), cheese whey (CW), and butter whey (BUW) as replacers of whole milk (WM) at different ratios (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0) in the physicochemical and sensory qualities of ice cream. All formulations, including a commercial sample used as reference, were analyzed for nutritional composition, energy value, pH, titratable acidity (TA), melting behavior, desorption index, instrumental color properties, instrumental hardness, and consumer sensory testing. Overall, the addition of RW, CW, and BUW increased the moisture content, TA, melting rate, and redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values but decreased the pH, lightness (L*) value, energy value, levels of ash, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate. As exception, CW did not influence the TA, and BUW resulted in lower lipid reduction and in lower hardness changes, and it did not affect the content of ash, protein, and a* and b* values of ice creams. Any ice cream formulation had dietary fibers and a desorption index. Ricotta whey and CW at all ratios and BUW at 25% did not affect overall liking compared with the commercial sample, whereas purchase intention was only decreased by the addition of BUW from 50 to 100%. Ricotta whey at 75 and 100% decreased melting velocity and creaminess, and BUW at 50, 75, and 100% increased hardness, TA, and cream flavor but decreased creaminess, which contributed negatively to overall liking. Therefore, the evaluated dairy by-products, especially RW and CW, have great potential for replacing milk in ice creams.
OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o comércio de queijo de coalho na orla marítima de Salvador (BA) na perspectiva do trabalho infantil e da segurança de alimentos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, com entrevista de 40 vendedores, menores de 18 anos, e análise microbiológica de 80 amostras de queijo, 40 cruas e 40 assadas, submetidas aos seguintes procedimentos: contagem de micro-organismos aeróbios mesófilos e anaeróbios facultativos e estafilococos coagulase-positiva, estimativa do número mais provável de coliformes totais e termotolerantes Escherichia coli e pesquisa de Salmonella spp. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos vendedores era do sexo masculino (75%), estudantes (95%), com aproximadamente 14 anos. Como principais motivos para o trabalho estavam a complementação na renda familiar e a ocupação. A atividade ocorria, sobretudo, nos finais de semana, gerando renda entre meio e um salário-mínimo. Em média, a jornada diária era de 7 horas e o tempo na atividade de 21,6 meses. O queijo procedia de fornecedores informais e era mantido à temperatura ambiente, sendo registrados descuidos e noções insuficientes dos vendedores quanto à higiene de alimentos. Amostras cruas apresentaram contaminações expressivas por micro-organismos aeróbios mesófilos, estafilococos coagulase-positiva e por coliformes e termotolerantes, média de 8,14 e 1,95 log UFC/g e 4,3 log NMP/g; amostras assadas, na mesma ordem, registraram: 6,47 e 1,00 log UFC/g e 2,09 log NMP/g. Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp. também foram identificadas: 95% das amostras cruas e 50% das assadas classificaram-se como não conformes. CONCLUSÃO: Confirmam-se o trabalho infantil e a insegurança microbiológica para o queijo de coalho nas praias de Salvador (BA), e sinaliza-se a necessidade de intervenção.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different dairy by-products (ricotta, butter, and cheese wheys) on ice cream production and their impact on quality parameters. Chocolate ice creams were developed differing their main ingredients (100% ricotta or butter or cheese wheys or whole milk) and were evaluated by nutritional composition, pH and titratable acidity, water activity, melting and desorption behavior, instrumental color and texture, microbiological and sensory analyses. The results showed that different by-products application in ice cream significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the fat content (40% on average), presented lower (p < 0.05) pH difference, and no variation (p > 0.05) for water activity. Instrumental texture and color of the ice creams with ricotta, cheese, and butter wheys presented slight alteration (p < 0.05), indicating greater hardness and color intensity, which was not observed and did not affect the sensory tests. Even the greatest melting resistance in the melting point (0.73 g min-1) (p < 0.05) showed no signs of desorption (p > 0.05). In the acceptance test, the samples developed with ricotta, butter, cheese, and whole milk obtained good values of overall liking (averages 6.76, 6.07, 6.95, and 7.15, respectively), and most of the consumers (equal to or greater than 53.75%) said they would buy the products. In general, although these dairy by-products reduced nutritional values, their application in ice creams showed a potential alternative to the dairy industry.
RESUMOO queijo de coalho é um alimento de grande importância nutricional e econômico-social, pois é amplamente consumido por pessoas de todas as camadas sociais, de qualquer faixa etária. Para este trabalho fez-se o levantamento de patentes, artigos, teses e dissertações a partir dos termos microbiologia, produção, novos produtos, aditivos e embalagens, utilizando as bases de dados INPI, Espacenet, USPTO, Periódicos CAPES, Web of Science, Google acadêmico e SciELO. Os países da União Européia são os que mais possuem pedidos de patentes nessa área sendo que o Brasil possui um grande potencial relacionado a este segmento. É importante que se dê continuidade às pesquisas relacionadas ao tema para que aumente as possibilidades de surgimento de patentes e soluções para os problemas relacionados ao controle de qualidade do queijo de coalho.Palavras Chave: queijo de coalho, prospecção, patentes.
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