Objetivo Avaliar a segurança da produção de alimentos em escolas atendidas pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, em Salvador (BA). Métodos Realizou-se um estudo transversal, com aplicação de formulários elaborados com base na Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada nº 216/04 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária/Ministério da Saúde, em amostra estratificada formada por 235 escolas atendidas pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, contemplando a rede estadual e municipal de ensino da cidade de Salvador. No formulário, os itens avaliados apresentavam pontuação diferenciada em função do grau de risco associado à segurança dos alimentos. De acordo com a pontuação obtida, as escolas foram classificadas em cinco grupos em relação à condição higiênico-sanitária: crítico; insatis-fatório; regular; bom e excelente. Resultados Na avaliação global de adequação, 57,0% (134) das unidades apresentaram condições insatisfatórias, 42,6% (100) regulares e 0,4% (1) boa. Os itens que mais contribuíram para o baixo desempenho estão relacionados aos seguintes blocos: edificação, instalações, equipamentos, móveis e utensílios; higienização; abastecimento de água; manipuladores de alimentos; preparo dos alimentos e exposição do alimento preparado para consumo. Em condição intermediária de atendimento ficaram os blocos controle integrado de vetores e pragas urbanas, manejo de resíduos e matérias-primas, ingredientes e embalagens. Conclusão Verificou-se elevado nível de não conformidade quanto ao atendimento dos requisitos sanitários vigentes, o que evidencia falhas na segurança da produção da alimentação escolar. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de adoção de medidas corretivas com vistas a reduzir riscos à saúde das crianças assistidas e aumentar a eficiência do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, no município de Salvador (BA).

The aim of this study was to characterize and determine the bi-functional efficacy of active packaging films produced with starch (4%) and glycerol (1.0%), reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (0–1%) and activated with alcoholic extracts of red propolis (0.4 to 1.0%). The cellulose nanocrystals used in this study were extracted from licuri leaves. The films were characterized using moisture, water-activity analyses and water vapor-permeability tests and were tested regarding their total phenolic compounds and mechanical properties. The antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of the films were evaluated by monitoring the use of the active films for packaging cheese curds and butter, respectively. The cellulose nanocrystals increased the mechanical strength of the films and reduced the water permeability and water activity. The active film had an antimicrobial effect on coagulase-positive staphylococci in cheese curds and reduced the oxidation of butter during storage.

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ResumoDiversos microrganismos podem ser veiculados por alimentos causando doenças nos seres humanos. Os antibióticos comumente utilizados no tratamento dessas doenças têm apresentado baixo ou nenhum efeito, tendo em vista à resistência que muitos microrganismos têm adquirido. Diante deste quadro, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o óleo essencial das folhas de Rosmarinus officinalis L. como modulador da resistência bacteriana a drogas. O óleo essencial foi obtido através de hidrodestilação em aparelho de Clevenger por 3h. Foram testadas 4 cepas de E.coli resistentes a Ampicilina (AMP) e a Tetraciclina (TET) e 4 cepas de Salmonella spp. resistentes a Nitrofurantoína (NIT). As cepas em suspensão escala MacFarland 0,5 foram inoculadas em agar Mueller Hinton, em seguida os discos dos antibióticos embebidos com 10 e 20μL do óleo de alecrim puro foram dispostos sobre as placas. Após 24h/37ºC foram medidos os halos ao redor dos discos. Todas as cepas avaliadas apresentaram susceptibilidade à ação combinada do óleo essencial com os antibióticos testados. Os resultados obtidos indicam ser promissora a utilização de óleo essencial de alecrim em associação com antibióticos no combate a bactérias patogênicas. Palavras-chave: Óleo essencial, alecrim, resistência bacteriana AbstractMicroorganisms can be transmitted by food causing diseases in humans. The antibiotics commonly used in treatment of these diseases have shown little or no effect, and in view of the resistance that many microorganisms have acquired. This study evaluated the essential oil leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis L. as a modulator of resistance bacterial drug. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus for 3 hours. We tested four strains of E.coli resistant ampicillin (AMP) and tetracycline (TET) and four strains of Salmonella spp. Resistant to nitrofurantoin (NIT). The strains in 0.5 MacFarland scale suspension were inoculated on Mueller Hinton agar, then soaked antibiotic disks with 10 and 20μL oil pure rosemary were placed on the plates. After 24h/37 º C were measured halos around the discs. All strains tested showed susceptibility to the combined action of essential oil with antibiotics tested. The results indicate that the use of promising rosemary essential oil in combination with antibiotics to combat pathogenic bacteria.

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Antibiotic resistance has increased in recent years, raising the concern of public health authorities. We conducted a study of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from human and food samples to assess the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and to determine the genotype and clonal relationship of 84 E. coli isolates (48 from humans and 36 from foods). An antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the disk diffusion method. Virulence factors were evaluated by multiplex PCR, and the clonal relationship among the resistant isolates was studied by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone. Overall, 26%, 20.2%, 15.4% and 6% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and cephalotin, respectively. Twenty two percent of the isolates exhibited resistance to more than one antimicrobial agent. Multiple-drug resistance was mostly observed in the human isolates and involved the antibiotics ampicillin and tetracycline. None of the six virulence genes were identified among the isolates. Analysis of genetic diversity by PFGE of 31 resistant isolates, revealed 29 distinct restriction patterns. In conclusion, E. coli from humans and foods are resistant to commonly used antibiotics and are highly genetically diverse. In this setting, inappropriate use of antibiotics may be a cause of high resistance rate instead of clonal spread.

This study aims to characterize the physicochemical properties of cocoa’s residual honey and evaluate its fermentative capacity as a substrate, using Saccharomyces cerevisiae AWRI726 as the starter culture for alcoholic fermentation. The research hypothesis was that cocoa’s residual honey can be used for the production of fermented beverages. Cocoa’s honey has 14.14 g.100 mL−1 of dry material, containing 11.80 g.100 mL−1 of carbohydrates and 1.20% crude protein, in addition to other minor components, such as pectin, lipids, and Fe, Mn, Na, and Zn, with a carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio (9.8) most suitable for fermentation. Fermentation at 20°C for 240 hours produced a liquid with 16% v/v ethanol (14 g.L−1 in 144 h). However, 24 hours of fermentation produced the maximum ethanol yield (0.373 g.g−1) and volumetric productivity (0.168 g.L−1.h−1), which were associated with a significant increase in the specific cell growth rate. Saccharomyces cerevisiae AWR1726 performed satisfactorily in the alcoholic fermentation of cocoa’s residual honey, similar to that observed in other fruit beverages, thus suggesting the suitability of cocoa’s residual honey for future commercial applications.