A review of the development and nature of Pakistani English.
This paper deals with the profound influence of the English language in business and commerce in Mexico. The use of English and Spanish-English creativity is shown to manifest itself in advertising in both Mexican newspapers and magazines, in shop names as well as in product names. Interviews with two top Mexican businessmen reveal the attitude of the Mexican business community toward the language: English sells. The appeal of English, the paper shows, is due to both its role as an international language as well as its reflection of modernity and technological superiority. The paper also discusses the influence Spanish now has on English in the United States as a result of the recent influx of Spanish speakers. While both major languages will continue to be used in the future and Spanish-English bilingualism will increase, English will maintain its present role as the world's lingua franca.
This paper analyzes the data from three questionnaires administered to Pakistani male and female journalists, teachers, and university students in Islamabad, Karachi, and Lahore during a period from 1987 to 1992. The first questionnaire deals with respondents' (320) choice of a model of Enghsh (British, American, or Pakistani). The second and third questionnaires measure the acceptability of selected Pakistani English lexical and grammatical items (1 50 respondents) and complementation types (165 respondents). Results show that while an exonormative model of English (British) still has considerable influence in the former colony (in both 'ideal' as well as in reported 'actual' usage), a Pakistani norm is also beginning to emerge. This trend is most evident in respondents' acceptance of typically Pakistani features of English such as Urdu borrowings, Urdu-English hybrids, and local morphological and syntactic innovations.
This paper examines the use of local English-language newspapers as pedagogical aids in the English Language Teaching classroom. Various advantages and disadvantages of using newspapers in the classroom are discussed with focus on the often-cited objection by teachers in Pakistan that local newspapers contain too many errors and should therefore not be used pedagogically. Data on adjective, verb and noun complementation are presented from Pakistani newspapers to show that many of the so-called 'errors' found in local newspapers are in reality part of a nativized Pakistani linguistic system. This paper then discusses language-focused classroom activities with newspapers which would serve to make students aware of differences between their own nativized varieties of English and native Englishes. Finally, this paper calls for more linguistic tolerance on the part of teachers in both the East and the West in the acceptance of local varieties of English.One of the most valuable aids today in the adult English Language Teaching (ELT) classroom world-wide is the newspaper.' There are numerous reasons for this, the foremost being the easy accessibility and relatively low cost of newspapers. In South Asian countries where English is presently or was formerly spoken as a second language, a plethora of daily and weekly publications exists to be chosen from for classroom use. In Pakistan alone, for example, no less than 12 English-language newspapers are printed daily.' In addition to being readily accessible and low in cost, newspapers are a ready-made form of 'home-grown' teaching materials which can create a feeling of shared interests and hence high motivation among students. Pedagogically, the newspaper is many-faceted, affording the mature language learner possible practice in all skills at almost all proficiency levels, from the relatively short, simple telegraphic news brief to the more linguistically-complex editorial. Furthermore, it is hoped that by reading the newspaper in class, students will develop the so-called newspaper habit, which is only the beginning of the infinite experience of language learning and the attainment of knowledge.An often-cited objection in South Asia in general and Pakistan in particular to the pedagogical use of the newspaper in the ELT classroom centers around the English used in locally-published newspapers. Pakistani students (and often my Pakistani colleagues), for example, are quite surprised when it is pointed out to them that some of the usages found in local Pakistani newspapers would not be found in their British or American counterparts. Among a large number of teachers of English in Pakistan this surprise often translates into outright rejection of the classroom use of newspapers because of the socalled 'errors' found in these local publications. This objection deserves careful attention.Three types of errors need to be distinguished here: typographical errors, actual errors, and local deviations (innovations) from so-called native-speaker models of English. English typograph...
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