The use of elevated temperatures (Ն40Ð60ЊC) or heat treatments for managing insects in food-processing facilities is a viable alternative to space fumigation with methyl bromide. Quantitative data are lacking on the responses of life stages of the red ßour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), an important pest of food-processing facilities worldwide, to elevated temperatures used during heat treatments. We determined time-mortality relationships for eggs, young (neonate) larvae, old larvae, pupae, and adults of T. castaneum, exposed to constant temperatures of 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, and 60ЊC. Generally, mortality of each stage increased with an increase in temperature and exposure time. Young larvae were the most heat-tolerant stage, especially at temperatures Ն50ЊC. Exposure for a minimum of 7.2 h at Ն50ЊC was required to kill 99% of young larvae, whereas the other stages required Յ1.8 h. Heat treatments that control young larvae should control all other stages of T. castaneum, and young larvae should be used as test insects to evaluate efÞcacy against T. castaneum during an actual facility heat treatment. These results provide the basis for successful use of elevated temperatures for management of T. castaneum life stages associated with food-processing facilities. KEY WORDS methyl bromide alternative, heat treatment, heat tolerance, Tribolium castaneum Mention of a product or trade name in this paper does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation for its use by Kansas State University or the United States Department of Agriculture.
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