Gluten-free foods are generally nutritionally deficient and are the source of serious technological constraints. This work aimed to evaluate the technological performance of addition of two spirulina biomasses: Arthrospira platensis F&M-C256 and Ox Nature (resulting from different drying procedures) to gluten-free pastas, in terms of mechanical properties, antioxidant capacity, in vitro digestibility and sensory analysis. Texture properties of GF pasta was not significantly (p < 0.05) altered by the incorporation of A. platensis biomass. The different drying methods applied to A. platensis biomasses had an impact on the bioactive compounds and the in vitro digestibility of the gluten-free pastas. Both A. platensis biomasses provided a significant (p < 0.05) supplementation of phenolic compounds, chlorophylls and carotenoids to the gluten-free pastas, that resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) higher antioxidant activity when compared to control (without A. platensis) and wheat pasta. Between the new gluten-free developed pastas, consumers preferred the one supplemented with 2% A. platensis F&M-C256 biomass. Knowing the contribution of A. platensis biomass addition on pasta properties is fundamental to extend the utilization of this cyanobacterium for novel foods development. These results indicate that A. platensis biomass is a suitable ingredient to enhance the nutritional quality of pasta, without affecting its cooking and texture quality properties, with a favourable sensory evaluation.

RESUMO -Um experimento foi realizado utilizando-se 120 galinhas poedeiras de ovos marrons, da linhagem comercial Isa Brown, alimentadas com rações contendo levedura de cana-de-açúcar, visando à determinação das exigências nutricionais de metionina+cistina (met+cis). As aves possuíam 51 semanas de idade ao início do experimento, que teve a duração de 84 dias, com três períodos de 28 dias cada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração basal, suplementada com cinco níveis de DL-metionina, a fim de se obterem rações com 0,45; 0,50; 0,55; 0,60 e 0,65% de met+cis. A ração basal isoprotéica (13%PB) e isocalórica (2840kcal EM/kg) era composta por milho moído, farelo de soja e levedura de cana-de-açúcar. Foram analisadas variáveis referentes ao desempenho produtivo (produção de ovos, ganho de peso, consumo e conversão alimentar) e qualidade dos ovos (peso, massa e conteúdo de ovos e Unidades Haugh). Foi observado um efeito quadrático dos níveis de met+cis sobre as características avaliadas, com exceção do ganho de peso, que não sofreu influência dos tratamentos. Utilizando-se modelos de regressão, foi possível a determinação dos melhores níveis de met+cis a serem utilizados. Para a maximização da produção de ovos e consumo de ração, as exigências foram estimadas em 0,565 e 0,569% de met+cis, respectivamente. Para peso e massa de ovos, utilizando-se 0,582% e 0,569% de met+cis, foram obtidos os melhores resultados, respectivamente.Palavras-chave: níveis, desempenho produtivo, galinhas poedeiras, qualidade do ovo, metionina+cistina Requirements of Methionine+Cystine by Brown Egg Layer Hens Fed Diets with Dry Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)ABSTRACT -One experiment was carried out using 120 laying Isa Brown chickens fed diets containing sugar-cane yeast, to determinate the methionine+cystine (met+cys) requirements. The birds were 51 weeks old at the beginning of the experiment, with the duration of 84 days, with three periods of 28 days each. A completely randomized block design with five treatments and four replications was used. The treatments consisted of a basal diet supplemented with five levels of DL-methionine in order to obtain diets with 0.45, 0.50, 0.55, 0.60, and 0.65% of met+cys. The basal diet with 13%CP and 2840 kcal EM/kg was composed by corn, soy bean meal and sugar-cane yeast. Referring variables were analyzed to the productive performance (production of eggs, weight gain, feed consumption and conversion) and quality of the eggs (weigh, mass and content of eggs and Haugh Units). A quadratic effect of the met+cys levels was observed on the appraised characteristics, except for the weight gain that was not influenced by the treatments. Working with regression models, it was possible the determination of the best met+cys levels. For greater egg production and ration consumption, the requirements were .565 and .569% of met+cys, respectively. For egg weight and egg mass the use of .582% and .569% of met+cy...

RESUMO -Foram utilizadas 300 codornas fêmeas, com idade de 49 dias e peso médio de 138,0 g, durante quatro períodos experimentais de 28 dias. O delineamento experimental foi o em blocos ao acaso, contendo seis níveis de lisina digestível (0,80, 0,90, 1,00, 1,10, 1,20 e 1,30%) e cinco repetições, com 10 animais cada. As variáveis estudadas foram: postura (%), peso do ovo (g), massa de ovo (g de ovos/codorna/dia), consumo alimentar (g), conversão alimentar (g de ração/g de ovos), peso final (g) e porcentagem da casca do ovo (%).Verificou-se efeito quadrático sobre a taxa de postura, massa de ovos e conversão alimentar, e efeito linear sobre o peso dos ovos e consumo alimentar, não tendo sido verificado efeito significativo sobre o peso final das codornas. A exigência em lisina digestível, para codornas japonesas em postura, foi estimada em 1,117% da ração, correspondendo ao consumo diário de 254 mg de lisina.Palavras-chave: aminoácidos, codornas de postura, Coturnix coturnix japonica, digestibilidade, produção de ovos, proteína ideal Lysine Requirement for Laying Japanese Quails ABSTRACT -Three hundred 49-days old Japanese female quails, averaging 138.0g, were used to estimate the requirement of digestible lysine level for Japanese quail in completely randomized block design with five replicates of ten females per experimental unit. The treatment consisted six levels of digestible lysine (0.80, 0.90, 1.00, 1.10, 1.20 and 1.30%) and the analyzed traits were rate of egg production (%), egg weight (g), egg mass (g of eggs/quail/day), feed intake (g), feed consumption: weight gain ratio (g of diet/g of eggs), final body weight (g) and shell percentage (%). No signicant effect of treatments on final body weight (g) was observed, but there was quadratic effect for egg production (%), egg mass (g of eggs/quail/day) and feed consumption: gain diet (g of diet/g of eggs) and linear effect on shell egg (%) and feed intake (g). The estimated requirements of digestible lysine for laying Japanese quail was 1.117% of the diet, corresponding to a daily intake of 254 mg of digestible lysine. IntroduçãoA proteína necessária para manutenção do metabolismo corporal das aves e para produção de carne e ovos é proveniente da proteína dietética, cujos aminoácidos são utilizados para exercer inúmeras funções de constituintes primários dos tecidos estruturais e de proteção, como a pele, matriz óssea, ligamentos, tecidos dos órgãos, músculos e penas. Assim, os aminoácidos e peptídeos resultantes dos processos de digestão e absorção dos alimentos podem ser utilizados para várias funções metabólicas e como precursores de inúmeros constituintes corporais não protéicos (Silva, 1997).Atualmente, as formulações das rações para codornas japonesas baseiam-se no conceito de proteína bruta (PB), que resulta em dietas com o conteúdo aminoacídico superior ou inferior ao exigido, levando a alterações na produção e prejudicando o retorno econômico da atividade, já que, aproximadamente 25% dos custos da alimentação avícola são decorrentes das fontes prot...

RESUMO -Foram utilizadas 540 codornas fêmeas, com idade inicial de sete dias e peso médio de 21,50 g, durante 35 dias. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições e 18 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de seis relações metionina mais cistina digestível: lisina digestível (0,48, 0,53, 0,58, 0,63, 0,68 e 0,75). Foram estudadas as variáveis peso final (g), ganho de peso (g), consumo alimentar (g), conversão alimentar (g/g), empenamento (%), composição química corporal (matéria seca, água, proteína e extrato etéreo) e deposição de proteína e gordura corporais. Os tratamentos influenciaram de forma quadrática o consumo alimentar, a conversão alimentar, o empenamento, a composição química (matéria seca, água, proteína e extrato etéreo) e a deposição de proteína corporal, e linearmente o peso final e o ganho de peso das codornas. A melhor relação metionina mais cistina digestível: lisina digestível para as codornas japonesas em crescimento foi de 0,66, sendo a exigência em metionina mais cistina digestível estimada em 0,758%, para consumo de 91,43 mg de metionina mais cistina digestível.Palavras-chave: aminoácidos sulfurosos, codornas japonesas de postura, Coturnix coturnix japonica, digestibilidade, proteína ideal Methionine plus Cystine Requirement for Growing Japanese QuailsABSTRACT -Five hundred and forty 7-days old female quails, averaging 21.50 g, were used during 35 days. A completely randomized blocks design with five replicates and 18 females per experimental unity was used to study the effect of six digestible methionine plus cystine: digestible lysine ratios (0.48, 0.53, 0.58, 0.63, 0.68 and 0.75) on the traits evaluated during the growing period. Final weight (g), weight gain (g), feed intake (g), feed conversion (g/g), feather rate (%), chemical composition (%) (dry matter, water, crude protein and ether extract) and body protein and fat deposition (g). The effect of the amino acids on feed intake (g), feed conversion (g/g), feather rate (%), chemical composition (%) (dry matter, water, crud protein and ether extract) and protein deposition was quadratic and the effect on final body weight (g) and weight gain (g) was linear. The best estimated digestible methionine plus cystine: digestible lysine ratio was .66 and the estimated digestible methionine plus cystine requirement for growing Japanese quail was .758%, for a intake of 91.43 mg of digestible methionine plus cystine intake.

Nutritional value of corn with different qualities for broiler chickenABSTRACT -This work was carried out to determine the nutritional value of corn of different qualities, obtained by means of stratification in densimetric table, for broilers in different ages. The corns were designed as: MDA -high density corn; MDI -medium density corn; MDB -low density corn and MDT -total density corn, composed by 30% MDA, 60% MDI and 10% MDB. Two biological assays were carried out using the traditional total excreta collection method to determine the apparent metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen balance (AME N ). The first assay was carried out using Cobb chicks with 11 to 19 days old and in the second assay, with chicks with 29 to 37 days old. Chemical analyses were made to estimate the nutritional profile, classification of the grains according to density and comparison by means of prediction equation estimatives the energy values and mycotoxins. The digestible amino acids profiles were obtained by NIR. The values of AME N of corns of different qualities (MDA, MDI, MDB and MDT) for broilers in initial phase were respectively: 3308; 3121; 2937 and 3239 kcal/kg; and broilers in growing phase were respectively: 3413, 3362, 3174 and 3348 kcal/kg. These results indicated significant energy losses of low density corn and the efficiency of the densimetric table to stratify the grains by quality. The different AME N values between birds ages suggest better energy utilization efficiency as age increases. The prediction equations could be used to estimate energy value of corn by its classification or density. However, the error associated to each prediction equation could compromise the accuracy of the nutritional value. The contaminations by aflatoxins and trichothecenes changed with quality of the stratified corn, important factor to be considered in the broilers feeding.

Although neurogenesis occurs in restricted regions of the adult mammalian brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) produce very few neurons during ageing or after injury. We have recently discovered that the endogenous bile acid tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a strong inhibitor of mitochondrial apoptosis and a neuroprotective in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, also enhances NSC proliferation, self-renewal, and neuronal conversion by improving mitochondrial integrity and function of NSCs. In the present study, we explore the effect of TUDCA on regulation of NSC fate in neurogenic niches, the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), using rat postnatal neurospheres and adult rats exposed to the bile acid. TUDCA significantly induced NSC proliferation, self-renewal, and neural differentiation in the SVZ, without affecting DG-derived NSCs. More importantly, expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins and mitochondrial antioxidant responses were significantly increased by TUDCA in SVZ-derived NSCs. Finally, intracerebroventricular administration of TUDCA in adult rats markedly enhanced both NSC proliferation and early differentiation in SVZ regions, corroborating in vitro data. Collectively, our results highlight a potential novel role for TUDCA in neurologic disorders associated with SVZ niche deterioration and impaired neurogenesis.

RESUMO -Foram utilizadas 360 codornas fêmeas, com idade inicial de 45 dias e peso médio de 137,0 g, durante quatro períodos de 28 dias. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com seis relações metionina mais cistina digestível: lisina digestível (0,60, 0,65, 0,70, 0,75, 0,80 e 0,85) e seis repetições de 10 animais cada. As variáveis estudadas foram: postura (%), peso do ovo (g), massa de ovos (g de ovos/codorna/dia), consumo alimentar (g), conversão alimentar (g de ração/g de ovos e g de ração/dz de ovos), peso final (g) e porcentagem da casca do ovo (%). Os tratamentos experimentais não influenciaram a conversão alimentar e o peso final das codornas, apresentando efeito quadrático sobre a taxa de postura, peso dos ovos, massa dos ovos e porcentagem da casca dos ovos e efeito linear para o consumo alimentar. A exigência em metionina mais cistina digestível foi estimada em 0,727%, para consumo diário de 164 mg de metionina mais cistina digestível, e a melhor relação metionina mais cistina digestível: lisina digestível para as codornas japonesas em postura foi estimada em 0,80.Palavras-chave: aminoácidos sulfurosos, Coturnix coturnix japonica, digestibilidade, produção de ovos, proteína ideal Methionine Plus Cystine Requirement for Laying Japanese QuailsABSTRACT -Three hundred and sixty 45-days old female quails, averaging 137.0 g, were used during four experimental periods of 28 days each. A completely randomized block design, with six replicates and ten females per experimental unit, was used to study the digestible methionine plus cystine requirement and the best digestible methionine plus cystine: digestible lysine ratio (0.60, 0.65, 0.70, 0.75, 0.80 and 0.85), on the rate of eggs production (%), egg weight (g), eggs mass (g of eggs/quail/day), feed intake (g), feed consumption: weight gain ratio (g of diet/g of eggs), body weight (g) and shell percentage (%). No significant effect of treatments on feed consumption: gain diet (g of diet/g of eggs). Quadratic effects were observed for final body weight (g), egg production (%), egg weight (g), egg mass (g of eggs/quail/day) and shell egg (%), and for feed intake (g) the effect was linear. The estimated digestible methionine plus cystine requirement was .727%, for a daily intake of 164 mg of digestible methionine plus cystine, and the best estimated digestible methionine plus cystine: digestible lysine ratio for laying Japanese quails was .80.

The current study is the first attempt to include the many records from wild primate host species from the Helminthological Collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute (CHIOC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, along with updated information based on literature. We list a total of 50 species of helminth parasites associated with 46 species of wild primates in Brazil. A total of 814 records of helminths in wild primates from Brazil were listed, including 406 samples of helminths stored in the CHIOC. Of these samples, 16 are new host records (NHR). The majority of these helminth species are nematodes with 30 species reported, which corresponds to 60% of the total number of helminths. The helminth species with more host species is the nematode Dipetalonema gracilis (Filarioidea, Onchocercidae), associated to 13 species of primates. The primate species with more reports of helminths in Brazil is Saimiri sciureus (Cebidae), with 16 species (13 nematodes, 3 acanthocephalans). In the current study, 46 species of primates have at least 1 species of helminth recorded, which represents approximately 39% of species of this host in Brazil. Therefore, we can conclude that the helminths documented in wild primates from Brazil are obviously underestimated, since the helminth fauna in the majority of Brazilian primates remains unknown.