Objective: Malignant tumors of the thyroid gland exhibit a variety of histopathologies and clinical behavior. Immune markers are gaining more and more importance in diagnostic pathology, especially in the differential diagnostics and in the grading of thyroid gland tumors. Design: The authors investigated the immunohistochemical reaction of galectin-3 (gal3) in patients with various thyroid gland diseases. They tested the diagnostic value of gal3 in determining the benign or malignant nature of various lesions, especially in lesions of follicular origin, because previous results have indicated nearly 100% specificity and sensitivity in this regard. Methods: Gal3 immunoperoxidase reaction was carried out on 91 sections of thyroid gland samples fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin.

We confirm the general reliability of CDI measurements in orbital vessels and show that observer experience improves reproducibility. It appears, however, that observer performance in these measurements is vessel specific.

Our results confirm the presence of an effective compensatory autoregulation for the retinal circulation, in connection with an increase in the ocular perfusion pressure induced by exercise. However, we found that in the ophthalmic artery some over-compensation occurs (significant decrease in some velocity parameters), whereas in the central retinal artery important flow parameters (mean velocity, end-diastolic velocity and resistive indices) appear to be successfully stabilized. Exercise history, heart rate, blood pressure and intraocular pressure all have to be monitored in orbital blood flow studies, as these variables are strongly affected by the changes in the autonomic nervous system and in turn significantly influence the measured flow velocity and resistivity values.

A szerzők cikküket a Pécsi Tudományegyetem alapításának 650. évfordulója tiszteletére közlik.A növényi alapú étrend egy régi-új táplálkozási irányzat. Jelen összefoglaló tanulmányban történeti alapokból kiindulva kívánjuk ismertetni ezt a napjainkban egyre népszerűbb táplálkozási törekvést. Célunk bemutatni a növényi alapú táplálkozást mint primer prevenciós eszközt. Irodalmi adatok alapján kritikusan elemezzük a növényi alapú étrendhez kapcsolódó korábbi téves vélekedéseket (fehérje-, B 12 -vitamin-, folsav-, vasbevitel), és megfelelő fogalmi alapot teremtünk ezen étrend értelmezéséhez, amelynek gerincét a gyümölcsök, zöldségek, teljes kiőrlésű gabonák, hüvelyesek és az olajos magvak alkotják. Ismertetjük a növényi alapú étrend pozitív élettani és betegségkockázat-csökkentő hatását. Az elhízás talaján kialakuló metabolikus és szív-ér rendszert érintő betegségek nagyrészt megelőz-hetőek lennének egy helyesen összeállított növényi alapú étrenddel. A daganatos megbetegedésben szenvedő betegek esetén az állati eredetű élelmiszerek háttérbe szorítása a növényi alapúakkal szemben is igazoltan pozitív hatású. Áttekintésünk bemutatja, hogy ez a fajta táplálkozás számos egészségügyi probléma esetén alkalmazható, és hosszú távon is fenntartható megoldást biztosít a legújabb kor egészségügyi kihívásaira. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(47), 1859-1865. Kulcsszavak: vegán, tápláltsági állapot, elhízás, szívbetegség, tumoros megbetegedés Plant-based diets: a reviewPlant-based diet is an old-new trend in nutrition. In this review based on a historical context, we wish to introduce this popular nutritional trend. Our aim is to present plant-based diet as a primary measure for prevention. We intend to critically analyse some past stereotypes related to plant-based diet -whose main components include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts and seeds -according to the literature (e.g. protein, vitamin B 12 , folic acid, and iron intake) by doing so we wish to create an adequate conceptual basis for its interpretation. We discuss positive physiological effects of plant-based diet and its possible role in diseases risk reduction. Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases developing due to obesity could be prevented by a properly compiled plant-based diet. For patients with cancer minimizing the intake of foods of animal origin -as opposed to plant-based ones -has proved to have positive effects. Our review suggests this diet can be used in a number of diseases and it also provides long-term sustainable solutions for the health care challenges of the newest era.Keywords: vegan, nutrition status, obesity, heart disease, neoplasm Szabó, Z., Erdélyi, A., G. Kisbenedek, A., U. T. L. Polyák, É., Sz. Szabó, Sz., Kovács, R. E., Raposa, L. B., Figler, M. [Plant-based diets: a review]. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(47), 1859-1865. (Beérkezett: 2016 elfogadva: 2016. szeptember

BackgroundHealth workforce (HWF) planning and monitoring processes face challenges regarding data and appropriate indicators. One such area fraught with difficulties is labour activity and, more specifically, defining headcount and full-time equivalent (FTE). This study aims to review national practices in FTE calculation formulas for selected EU Member States (MS).MethodsThe research was conducted as a part of the Joint Action on European Health Workforce Planning and Forecasting. Definitions, categories and terms concerning the five sectoral professions were examined in 14 MS by conducting a survey. To gain a deeper understanding of the international data-reporting processes (Joint Questionnaire on Non-Monetary Health Care Statistics—JQ), six international expert interviews were conducted by using a semi-structured interview guide.ResultsOf the 14 investigated countries, four MS indicated that they report FTE to the JQ and that they also calculate FTE data for national planning purposes. The other countries do not use FTE data for national purposes, but most of them do use special calculations and/or estimation methods for converting headcount to FTE. The findings revealed significant differences between national calculation methods when reporting FTE data to the JQ. This diversity in terms of calculations and estimations can lead to biases with respect to international comparisons. This finding was reinforced by the expert interviews, since the experts agreed that the activities of healthcare professionals are a fundamental factor in HWF monitoring and planning. Experts underscored that activity should also be measured by FTE, and not only by headcount.ConclusionsFTE and headcount are significant factors in HWF planning and monitoring; therefore, national data collections should place emphasis on collecting data and calculating the appropriate indicators. National FTE could serve as a call to action for HWF planners due to the lack of matching international FTE data.At the international level, it is beneficial to monitor the trends and numbers regarding human resources and working time. For the moment, the exchange of information and mutual assistance for developing the capacity to apply common methodology could be a first step towards the standardisation of data collections.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12960-016-0139-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.