We confirm the general reliability of CDI measurements in orbital vessels and show that observer experience improves reproducibility. It appears, however, that observer performance in these measurements is vessel specific.

Our results confirm the presence of an effective compensatory autoregulation for the retinal circulation, in connection with an increase in the ocular perfusion pressure induced by exercise. However, we found that in the ophthalmic artery some over-compensation occurs (significant decrease in some velocity parameters), whereas in the central retinal artery important flow parameters (mean velocity, end-diastolic velocity and resistive indices) appear to be successfully stabilized. Exercise history, heart rate, blood pressure and intraocular pressure all have to be monitored in orbital blood flow studies, as these variables are strongly affected by the changes in the autonomic nervous system and in turn significantly influence the measured flow velocity and resistivity values.

No abstract

Background: Presence of corneal cystine crystals is the main ocular manifestation of cystinosis, although controversial findings concerning the corneal layer with the highest density have been reported. The aim of this study was the analysis of the characteristics of crystal arrangement in different corneal layers and the assessment of corneal morphological changes with age. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in three children and three adults who had nephropathic cystinosis and corneal cystine depositions. All patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination including best corrected distance visual acuity, slit-lamp examination, in vivo confocal microscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography. An evaluation of the depth of crystal deposits and crystal density in different corneal layers was also performed. Due to the low number of subjects no statistical comparison was performed. Results: Anterior segment optical coherence tomography images revealed deposition of hyperreflective crystals from limbus to limbus in each patient. Crystals appeared as randomly oriented hyperreflective, elongated structures on in vivo confocal microscopy images in all corneal layers except the endothelium. In children the deposits occurred predominantly in the anterior stroma, while in adults, the crystals were mostly localized in the posterior corneal stroma with the depth of crystal deposition showing an increasing tendency with age (mean depth of crystal density was 353.17 ± 49.23 μm in children and it was 555.75 ± 25.27 μm in adults). Mean crystal density of the epithelium was 1.47 ± 1.17 (median: 1.5; interquartile range: 0.3-2.4). Mean crystal density of the anterior and posterior stroma of children and adults was 3.37 ± 0.34 (median: 3.4; interquartile range: 3.25-3.55) vs. 1.23 ± 0.23 (median: 1.2; interquartile range: 1.05-1.35) and 0.76 ± 0.49 (median: 0.7; interquartile range: 0.4-1.15) vs. 3.63 ± 0.29 (median: 3.7; interquartile range: 3.45-3.8), respectively. Endothelium had intact structure in all cases. Some hexagonal crystals were observed in two subjects. Conclusions: In vivo confocal microscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography confirmed an agerelated pattern of crystal deposition. In children, crystals tend to locate anteriorly, while in adults, deposits are found posteriorly in corneal stroma.

Az alábbiakban egy preeclampsiával szövődött terhességet követően fellépő poszterior reverzibilis encephalopathia-szindróma (PRES) esetét mutatjuk be. Az akut császármetszést követő posztoperatív időszakban hirtelen fellépő, kétoldali fájdalmatlan látásvesztést panaszoló, romló tudatállapotban lévő kismamához kértek szemészeti konzíliumot. Az ágy melletti szemészeti vizsgálat során ép bulbust, ép pupillareflexeket írtunk le, amely alapján magasabb szintű agyi érintettséget valószínűsítettünk, és sürgős MRI-vizsgálatot indikáltunk. A PRES-szindrómára jellemző, hogy a hirtelen vérnyomásváltozás hatására elsősorban a parietalis és occipitalis lebenyt érintő kérgi és subcorticalis léziók alakulnak ki, amelyek látáspanaszt okozhatnak és a bemutatott esetben is a látásromlás hátterében állhattak. A korai felismerés, és az időben alkalmazott antihipertenzív kezelés hatására a beteg neurológiai és szemészeti tünetei rövid időn belül reverzibilisnek bizonyultak. A bemutatott esetben a szemész, mint konziliárus szerepelt, a szemészeti tünetek alapján merült fel központi idegrendszeri érintettség, és vezetett a diagnózishoz. Ismert, hogy a PRES csak korai kezelés mellett reverzibilis, így a kórkép ismerete a szemészetet gyakorló klinikusok számára is elengedhetetlen.