Introduction: A mosquito-borne disease infected by Plasmodium is named as Malaria. Some drugs subjected to be active againts protozoans has developed resistance. It is very urgent to find alternative sources of new antimalarial agent. The main aim of this research was to study the activity of methanolic extracts of the leaf from mangrove plants on Plasmodium berghei by using ex vivo model. Method: Screening of antiplasmodial activity from methanolic leaf extracts of Sonneratia alba, Acanthus ilicifolius and Sonneratia caseolaris against Plasmodium berghei was carried out in this study. Antiplasmodial study was subjected ex vivo against P. berghei strain ANKA infected into Balb-C mice. Calculation of the percentage of parasitemia after 24 h observed in the model and a decrease in parasitemia level and inhibitory propagation were defined as the results. Results: Potential antiplasmodial activity shown by a decrease in parasitemia level and high inhibitory percentage was revealed by S. alba leaf methanolic extract at concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10 and 3 μg/mL which provide the inhibition percentage of 95.5; 92,9; 78.7; 42.7 and 18.8%, respectively. Antiplasmodial activity can also be identified by the life cycle inhibition of plasmodium. Methanolic leaf extract of S. alba showed inhibition activity in the development of ring stage at minimum extract concentration of 300 μg/mL. At lower concentrations, trophozoites and schizones persisted with defects in morphological conditions. Moreover, Antiplasmodial activity of methanolic extracts of S. alba leaf was better than methanol extracts of A. Ilicifolius and S. caseolaris leaf. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that among the mangrove plants have been studied, S. alba mangrove exhibited the highest antisplasmodial activity which moreover assumed as a potential source for natural antimalarial drug candidate.
Introduction: This research main goal is to study the antiplasmodial activity of Macaranga gigantea leaf ethanolic extract and its major components on malaria parasites using ex vivo model. Methods: This study was conducted by extraction of M. gigantea leaves using ethanol and isolation of its major constituent. The extract and isolate were tested ex vivo on Balb-C mice's blood after i.p. administration of Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Antiplasmodial activity was observed from mice blood treated by various concentration of either extract or isolate and the parasitaemia percentage were determined by calculating infected blood cell after 24 h of the treatment. It is expressed as decreased of parasitaemia levels and percent of inhibition. Qualitative analysis of active fraction were tested by HPLC method. Chemical structure of isolate were characterized by using UV, IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and MS spectrophotometry. Results: Ex vivo antiplasmodial study gave the percent inhibition as much as 92.1; 85.7; 64.1; 41.5 and 21.7% at extract concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10 and 3 μg/ mL respectively. The IC 50 values of the extract was 27.1 µg/ml. With respect to the percent of inhibition, at the same concentration, the isolate showed activity as much as 70.2; 62.5; 39.1; 21.7 and 10.8%. The IC 50 value of the isolate was 60.2 µg/ml. At the same concentration with extract and Isolate, Pyrimethamine as positive control gave percent inhibition of 94; 87.5; 44.8; 15.; and 12%, with IC 50 of 31.4 µg/ml. The results showed that major constituent of M. gigantea leaves is flavonoid. HPLC analysis using a photo diode-array detector showed that the active fraction have same retention time with that of apigenin as standard. Based on instrumental analysis data and compared with literature, a flavonoid derivate known as apigenin can be said has been isolated. Conclusion: It can be concluded that either M. gigantea leaves extract or isolated active constituent known as apigenin have potent antiplasmodial property.
Penggunaan tanaman obat tradisional saat ini makin meningkat, seiring dengan meningkatnya harga obat dan efek samping penggunaan obat modern. Provinsi Jambi memiliki potensi besar akan tumbuhan mangrove. Tumbuhan mangrove selain berfungsi sebagai pelindung ekosistem pantai, juga berpotensi dari segi kandungan kimianya. Salah satu jenis tumbuhan mangrove yang banyak dimanfaatkan masyarakat untuk tanaman obat adalah perepat (Sonneratia alba). Hasil pengujian terdahulu terhadap bioaktivitas ekstrak metanol daun tumbuhan perepat (Sonneratia alba) menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antimalaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan senyawa aktif antimalaria dari daun perepat (Sonneratia alba). Untuk itu pada penelitian ini dilakukan fraksinasi ekstrak metanol daun perepat (Sonneratia alba) dengan menggunakan pelarut organik yang berbeda kepolarannya, dilanjutkan dengan tahap isolasi senyawa aktif antimalaria yang dituntun dengan uji bioaktivitas antimalaria menggunakan Plasmodium berghei, senyawa aktif antimalaria dikarakterisasi menggunakan spektroskopi UV-Vis dan FTIR. Hasil penelitian mampu menjawab jenis atau golongan senyawa aktif yang bersifat antimalaria dan sekaligus mengetahui karakteristik senyawa aktif dari daun perepat (Sonneratia alba) sebagai kandidat obat baru antimalaria. Diharapkan kedepannya senyawa yang mempunyai bioaktivitas ini dapat dikembangkan melalui sintesis di laboratorium, serta bisa dimanfaatkan dalam bidang pengobatan modern. The use of traditional medicine is increasingly as the result of the side effect and the high prices of modern medicine. Jambi province has a huge potency from its mangrove. Mangrove is not only functioned to protect the coastal environment, but it also has a potency from its chemical components. Perapat(Sonneratia alba)is a species of mangrove and the leaves are widely used as traditional medicine.The preliminary study showed the methanol extract of Perepat leaves has potent bioactivity as antimalaria. The aim of this research was to isolate the active compound that has a bioactivity as antimalaria from Perepat leaves (Sonneratia alba) using different organic solvent polarity, followed with the isolation of antimalaria active compoundand it was confirmed by in vivo antimalaria activity using Plasmodium berghei. The obtained potent antimalaria compound was characterized using UV-Vis and FT-IR. The obtained result confirmed the group of potent anti-malaria compound and its characteristic as a new candidate of antimalaria drug. Also, it is expected that in the future a potent antimalaria compound can be developed through synthesis in the laboratory and can be used in the field of modern medicine.
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