Antiplasmodial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Macaranga Gigantea Leaf and Its Major Constituent

Abstract

Introduction: This research main goal is to study the antiplasmodial activity of Macaranga gigantea leaf ethanolic extract and its major components on malaria parasites using ex vivo model. Methods: This study was conducted by extraction of M. gigantea leaves using ethanol and isolation of its major constituent. The extract and isolate were tested ex vivo on Balb-C mice's blood after i.p. administration of Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Antiplasmodial activity was observed from mice blood treated by various concentration of either extract or isolate and the parasitaemia percentage were determined by calculating infected blood cell after 24 h of the treatment. It is expressed as decreased of parasitaemia levels and percent of inhibition. Qualitative analysis of active fraction were tested by HPLC method. Chemical structure of isolate were characterized by using UV, IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and MS spectrophotometry. Results: Ex vivo antiplasmodial study gave the percent inhibition as much as 92.1; 85.7; 64.1; 41.5 and 21.7% at extract concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10 and 3 μg/ mL respectively. The IC 50 values of the extract was 27.1 µg/ml. With respect to the percent of inhibition, at the same concentration, the isolate showed activity as much as 70.2; 62.5; 39.1; 21.7 and 10.8%. The IC 50 value of the isolate was 60.2 µg/ml. At the same concentration with extract and Isolate, Pyrimethamine as positive control gave percent inhibition of 94; 87.5; 44.8; 15.; and 12%, with IC 50 of 31.4 µg/ml. The results showed that major constituent of M. gigantea leaves is flavonoid. HPLC analysis using a photo diode-array detector showed that the active fraction have same retention time with that of apigenin as standard. Based on instrumental analysis data and compared with literature, a flavonoid derivate known as apigenin can be said has been isolated. Conclusion: It can be concluded that either M. gigantea leaves extract or isolated active constituent known as apigenin have potent antiplasmodial property.

Identification of 3,3′-O-dimethylellagic acid and apigenin as the main antiplasmodial constituents of Endodesmia calophylloides Benth and Hymenostegia afzelii (Oliver.) Harms

“…Amiri and collaborators [ 42 ] also demonstrated that apigenin significantly suppressed P. berghei parasiteamia by 69.74, 50.3, and 49.23% at concentrations of 70, 35 and 15 mg/kg/day, respectively in a murine malaria model. Muhaimin and collaborators [ 43 ] identified apigenin as major constituent in the ethanolic extract of Macaranga gigantea (Rchb. f. & Zoll.)…”

Antimalarial Activity of Extract and Fractions of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.

“…Several secondary metabolites from plants such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and triterpenoids have been reported to have antimalarial activity [31][32][33]. Terpenoids have an important role as antimalarial agents by inhibiting the Plasmodium parasites' growth from ring forms to trophozoites, and can inhibit nutrient uptake by inhibiting the permeation pathway [34,35]. Some antimalarial terpenoids isolated from other Euphorbiaceae plants have been reported, such as betulinic acid from Uapaca nitida Müll-Arg [36]; 8, 9secokaurane diterpenes from Croton kongensis Gagnep [37]; geranylgeraniol from Croton lobatus L. [38]; poly-O-acylated jatrophane diterpenes from Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit [39]; steenkrotin A from Croton steenkampianus Gerstner [40]; 2α-hydroxyjatropholone from Jatropha integerrima Jacq [41]; jatrophone diterpenes from Jatropha isabelli Müll.…”

Microencapsulation of Macaranga gigantea Leaf Extracts: Production and Characterization

“…[15][16][17][18][19][20] The plant is also known to have active phytochemicals constituents, especially on its leaves. 7,21 Solvent evaporation method has been widely and extensively used to prepare polymeric microparticles containing different drugs and in the development of modified release systems. 22,23 It is a rapid process that does not involve severe heat treatment; therefore, it is a suitable method to preserve biological products, including temperature sensitive products, without their degradation; it also allows for storage at room temperature.…”