Latar belakang. Faktor risiko karies adalah faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian karies pada individu dan populasi. Faktor risiko karies berbeda antar individu. Untuk menggambarkan interaksi antara faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan karies digunakan kariogram. Tujuan. Penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan gambaran urutan faktor risiko karies dengan pendekatan kariogram pada pasien anak di klinik Kedokteran Gigi Anak RSGMP Prof. Soedomo. Metode. Subjek terdiri dari 26 anak dalam periode gigi-geligi bercampur. Dilakukan pemeriksaan tentang pengalaman karies, riwayat penyakit sistemik, frekuensi makan, skor plak, aktivitas Streptococcus mutans, volume sekresi saliva, pH saliva dan program fluoridasi. Hasil pemeriksaan dianalisis menggunakan program kariogram. Hasil. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata persentase faktor bakteri adalah 21,1%, faktor pola makan: 18,1%, faktor kerentanan gigi: 16,1% dan faktor lain-lain: 9,5%. Kesimpulan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa urutan faktor risiko karies dengan pendekatan kariogram adalah bakteri, pola makan, kerentanan gigi dan faktor lain-lain. Background. Caries risk factor is factor related with caries incidence in individu and population. The caries risk factor is different between individu. For illustrating the interaction between caries related factors may be used cariogram. Aim. The aim of this research was to find out the sequence of caries risk factors from cariogram on children patients at the Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry Prof. Soedomo dental hospital. Method. Subjects were comprised 26 children in the periode of mixed dentition. Examinations were included: experience of caries, the history of systemic disease, daily meal frequency, plaque scoring, activity of Streptococcus mutans, the volume of saliva secretion, pH of saliva, and the participations of fluoridation program. The examination result were analyzed with programme cariogram. Result. The result showed that the mean of percentage bacteria factor was 21,1%, meal pattern factor: 18,1%, susceptible teeth factor: 16,1% and others factors 9,5%. Conclusion. It could be concluded that the sequence of caries risk factors from cariogram were bacteria, meal pattern, susceptible teeth and others factors.

Background: Primary tooth enamel are susceptible to damage because it has a low thickness so it requires preventing treatments to maintain. Theobromine, an alkaloid of the methylxanthine group, has been shown to improve crystallinity and resistance of enamel apatite solubility to acids. The enamel resistance to acid requires a series of test of physical properties, by measuring at microhardness. This study analyzes the effect of theobromine gel consentration on the hardness resistance of primary incisors enamel surfaces. Method: Twenty-five specimens were divided into 5 groups of topical application of theobromine gel with concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%, and then immersed in acidic solution. Results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA Result: One-way ANOVA test showed significant differences in the increase and decrease in enamel microhardness after the application of theobromine gel and acid immersion (p <0.05). The highest values of increase and decrease in enamel microhardness (764,74±187,08 VHN and 457,18±54,37 VHN, respectively) was shown in 5% group of theobromine gel. Conclusion:The higher theobromine gel concentration, the higher the microhardness value but unable to maintain the enamel resistance against acid. The 5% theobromine gel concentration was the most effective one to increase the microhardness of primary teeth enamel.

Background: Caries is common problem found in children. Caries prevalences increased mainly in developing countries such as Indonesia. Theobromine is an alkaloid compound in metilxantin group which can be found in the cocoa bean. Theobromine is believed to prevent caries by restoring the rough surface of email as the result of demineralisation. This research is aimed to analyze the effect of theobromine gel on the surface roughness of deciduous teeth after demineralization. Method: : It was laboratory experiments. Sample of research were 20 incisive cariesfree deciduous teeth. Samples divided into five groups of treatments (concentration of gel theobromine 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%). Each group consists of 4 samples. All samples were demineralized with 37% phosphoric acid for 60 seconds. Samples were immersed in artificial saliva for 60 minutes in temperature 37⁰. Roughness examination before and after treatment was conducted using Surface Roughness Tester. Result: This experiment showed that surface roughness is decreasing after treated by five different concentrations of theobromine. There is a significant difference compared to other treatments (p<0,05). Conclusion:Theobromine can be used as one of the caries preventive products. The effective concentration of gel theobromine to decrease surface roughness of teeth email is 5%.

Premature loss adalah kondisi dimana gigi desidui yang sudah tanggal sebelum waktunya sementara gigi permanen pengganti belum tumbuh. Kehilangan gigi desidui yang terlalu dini akan berpengaruh pada keberhasilan erupsi gigi apabila ada pengurangan ruang pada lengkung gigi. Kondisi premature loss terkait pula dengan perkembangan rahang. Rahang adalah bagian dari struktur total kepala dan setiap rahang bisa mempunyai hubungan posisional yang bervariasi terhadap struktur lain dari kepala, variasi semacam itu bisa terjadi pada ketiga bidang yaitu sagital, vertikal, dan lateral. Setiap kondisi patologis yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan rahang bisa menimbulkan efek besar terhadap oklusi gigi. Pertumbuhan maksila dipengaruhi oleh pertumbuhan otak, pertumbuhan tulang cranial dan nasal septal memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap pergerakan maju mundur maksila. Mandibula merupakan tulang kraniofasial yang sangat mobile dan merupakan tulang yang sangat penting karena terlibat dalam fungsi-fungsi vital antara lain pengunyahan, pemeliharaan jalan udara, berbicara, dan ekspresi wajah. Gerakan pertumbuhan mandibula pada umumnya dipengaruhi oleh perubahan yang terjadi di maksila. Pertumbuhan prosesus alveolaris sangat aktif selama erupsi dan berperan penting selama erupsi serta terus memelihara hubungan oklusal selama pertumbuhan vertikal maksila dan mandibula. Kesimpulan dari telaah literatur ini yaitu kondisi rongga mulut karena premature loss secara langsung atau tidak langsung berpengaruh pada tumbuh kembang rahang.

Background: Dental anxiety is a feeling of worrying that something unpleasant or unreasonable will happen during dental and oral care so that the child becomes uncooperative. There are two ways to measure dental anxiety in children subjectively and objectively. Subjectively measured using the Dental Anxiety Scale and objectively using the GSR-Psychoanalyzer. The purpose of this study was to determine the comparison of dental anxiety levels measured using the Dental Anxiety Scale and GSR-Psychoanalyzer in patients aged 6-8 years. Method: Anxiety measurements were carried out in the clinic waiting room before treatment for 32 children aged 6-8 years, consisting of 15 boys and 17 girls. There are 12 children aged 6 years, 9 children aged 7 years, and 11 children aged 8 years. The measurement process was done by the first 16 children using the Dental Anxiety Scale than the GSR-Psychoanalyzer and 16 other children were done the other way around. Result:The Chi-Square test showed that there was no significant difference based on gender with a p-value = 0.233 on the Dental Anxiety Scale and a p-value = 0.760 on the GSR-Psychoanalyzer. Chi-Square test results based on age also showed no significant difference with a p-value = 0.540 on the Dental Anxiety Scale and a p-value = 0.475 on the GSR-Psychoanayzer. The level of dental anxiety as measured using the Dental Anxiety Scale and GSR-Psychoanalyzer in children aged 6-8 years after being analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, showed no significant difference with p=0.322. Conclusion:There is no difference in the level of dental anxiety based on age and gender as measured using the Dental Anxiety Scale and GSR-Psychoanalyzer PENDAHULUAN Kecemasan merupakan reaksi normal yang dialami anak ketika menghadapi hal-hal yang dianggap mengancam dan dapat mempengaruhi perilakunya. 1 Kecemasan gigi anak diduga merupakan masalah yang menyebabkan anak sering menunda dan menolak perawatan gigi dan mulut. Munculnya kecemasan ini dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, antara lain mendengarkan pengalaman orang lain, ketakutan terhadap peralatan gigi, pengalaman pertama seseorang menjalani perawatan gigi, dan trauma gigi sebelumnya. 2 Anak-anak menunjukkan rasa takut terhadap perawatan gigi dan mulut. 3 Kecemasan tinggi paling sering terjadi pada anak usia 6-8 tahun, sedangkan kecemasan

ABSTRAKKejelasan tutur atau pengucapan untuk deteksi dini kelainan rongga mulut anak telah disusun dan dibakukan dalam daftar tutur kata bahasa Indonesia yang populer diucapkan anak sekolah dasar di lingkungan sekolah, tetapi untuk dapat dipakai sebagai alat uji kejelasan daftar tutur kata perlu diterapkan secara klinis. Tujuan penelitian ini diharapkan daftar tutur kata bahasa Indonesia yang telah dibakukan dapat diterapkan secara klinis pada kasus maloklusi klas I Angle dengan gigi geligi depan protrusif pada anak laki-laki umur 9 dan 12 tahun. Daftar tutur kata diharapkan dapat dipakai sebagai alat uji kelainan pengucapan dengan melihat pola spektrum frekuensi suara pengucapan menggunakan alat Readability Meter. Penemuan daftar tutur kata bahasa Indonesia populer pada anak-anak di lingkungan sekolah merupakan sumbangan dalam upaya pengembangan untuk deteksi dini kelainan-kelainan yang terjadi di rongga mulut anak untuk mempermudah dan mempercepat penentuan diagnosis. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode penelitian epidemiologi analitik rancangan cross sectional, subjek dilakukan pengamatan satu kali, sebanyak 24 anak laki-laki suku Jawa masing-masing 12 anak umur 9 tahun dan 12 anak umur 12 tahun dengan gigi geligi depan protrusif memiliki over jet 3-4 mm menjadi subjek penelitian. Kedua kelompok mengucapkan daftar tutur kata bahasa Indonesia yang memiliki frekuensi suara dominan pada kelainan maloklusi klas I Angle variasi protrusif berupa kata /bakteri/, / demokrasi/, /formulir/, /konveksi/, /limbah/, /nasional/, /ringkas/, /samudera/, /takjub/, /ventilasi/. Pengambilan suara dilakukan di dalam ruang kedap suara secara langsung melalui program sound recorder menggunakan mikrofon flat dan mixer pengolah suara, kemudian diukur frekuensi suara dominan (Hz) dan tampilan pola spektrum frekuansi suaranya dengan menggunakan program Cool Edit V2.0 serta soft ware Excel. Analisis dengan program Excel memperlihatkan ada perbedaan yang sangat bermakna anak laki-laki umur 9 tahun dan 12 tahun dengan maloklusi klas I Angle variasi protrusif dalam pengucapkan 10 daftar tutur kata bahasa Indonesia dengan besarnya koefisien determinasi "R" pada persamaan grafik pola spektrum frekuensi suara. Anak laki-laki umur 9 tahun memiliki pola spektrum frekuensi suara lebih rendah dan datar daripada anak laki-laki umur 12 tahun.Maj Ked Gi Ind. Desember 2015; 1(2): 176 -185 Kata Kunci: pola spektrum frekuensi suara, daftar tutur, protrusif ABSTRACT: Difference of Sound Frequency Spectrum Pattern of Pronunciation of Indonesian Speech List in Children with Protrusive Teeth (In 9-12 Year Old Male Children). Clarity of pronouncations for early detection of oral disorders in children has been standardized into anIndonesian speech list that is popularly spoken by primary school children, but it requires a clinical application to be used as a speech test tool lists. The purpose of this study is that the standardized Indonesian speech list can be applied clinically in the case of Angle Class I malocclusion with protrusive anterior teeth in male ...

There have been numerous researches showing that articulation disorders and malocclusion are linked. The most prevalent malocclusion in speech or articulation disorders is anterior open bite (AOB). Excessive propulsion of the tongue forward when articulating phonemes causes altered articulation in patients with open bites, as the tongue is in a more forward posture. The presence of this speech disorder can have a negative impact on a person's quality of life, although there hasn't been much research done on the impacts of AOB in cases of speech disorders in children. This study was to look at the link between speech disorders and the occurrence of anterior open bites (AOB) in a comprehensive way. Search results of research on four databases, namely ScienDirect, PubMed, Spingerlink, and Google Scholar, are displayed. The keywords used include speech disorder, articulation disorder, open bite, anterior open bite.  Five articles were selected using case control and cross-sectional methods in their research. The sample with AOB in this study was analyzed to determine the presence of speech disorders. The five articles gave similar results, showing that patients with malocclusion, especially AOB, had a tendency to have speech disorders. Articulation disorders in the phoneme /s/z/d/l/t/ become the dominant problem experienced by patients with AOB. Anterior open bite (AOB) is a form of malocclusion that causes more articulation disorders than other malocclusions. The presence and position of the tongue are thought to have a substantial influence on articulation disorders.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of autism increases globally and in Indonesia. Children with autism experience intellectual, behavioral, and anxiety disorders, including fear of dental care. These children often experience difficulty brushing teeth and are reluctant to visit dental care facilities. The poor oral and dental cleanness in children with autism may increase the risk of dental and oral diseases such as periodontal disease and caries. One preventive effort is providing psycho-education to the child and the people surrounding them (parents or caretaker and teacher). Psycho-education modules should be adequate and based on the client’s needs. AIM: The aim of the study was to explore the contents of the psycho-educational module as a guide for primary caregivers and teachers to prevent dental and oral health problems of the child with autism. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study using focus group discussions (FGD) and in-depth interviews from 12 November to 26 December 2020. This study involved 11 primary caregivers and 14 teachers of the autism-special school in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The FGD and in-depth interviews were recorded and verbatim transcripted and were analyzed by thematic content analysis. RESULTS: We found three topics required to maintain the dental and oral health of a child with autism, namely: Management of behavior in autistic children, oral-dental treatment, and nutrition management in dental-oral health in autistic children. Available materials used practical and straightforward language. CONCLUSION: The study findings provide an important information as a new approach contained in the module on maintaining oral health to improve the health status of autistic children.