Variabilitas iklim seperti musim kering, defisit air, dan “dry spell” sangat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan hasil kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari keragaan agronomi tanaman kelapa sawit akibat kekeringan periodik khususnya pada periode 2011-2015 di perkebunan swasta di Lampung yang mengelola 4900 ha kebun sawit. Pengamatan dilakukan pada Juni-September 2016 (setahun setelah kemarau panjang 2015) untuk mengumpulkan data agronomi dari pohon sawit yang dipilih secara random dari blok kebun yang ditentukan secara purposif mewakili tanaman sawit muda (umur 3-8 tahun), remaja (umur 9-13 tahun), dewasa (umur 14-20 tahun), dan tua (umur 21-24 tahun). Data sekunder produksi dan iklim dari perusahaan dan Stasiun Pengamatan Iklim Radin Intan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa perkebunan kelapa sawit di Lampung menghadapi kekeringan periodik yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan produksi. Pada periode 2011-2015 ada 3-5 bulan kering dengan defisit air 190 mm (stadium I), 285-359 mm (stadium II) dan 406 mm (stadium III), dengan dry spell maksimum mencapai 45-51 hari (kategori kekeringan sangat panjang) sampai 126 (kategori kekeringan ekstrim). Keragaan agronomi ditunjukkan oleh rendahnya tegakan pohon per hektar (SPH) dengan model penurunan SPH tertinggi y = -2,8649x + 150,99 (nilai R2 = 0,89, x = umur kelapa sawit). Kebun kelapa sawit tua memiliki SPH yang rendah. Setahun setelah kemarau pohon tua yang memiliki lebih banyak pelepah patah dan lebih sedikit bunga betina yang mengindikasikan pengaruh kekeringan yang berat. Produksi tandan tidak berbeda nyata antar kategori umur kelapa sawit.
Growth and yield of oil palm is largely determined by climatic conditions especially in the dry season. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of planting date and irrigation in the dry season of 2015 on the growth and production of palm oil in 2016. The data collecting was conducted from June to October 2016 at a plantation company, Southern Lampung. Treatments were arranged by factorial (3x2) in randomized block design with 7 replications. The first factor was age categories consisted of mature trees planted 2001 (TD 2001), young trees planted 2009 (TM 2009), and young trees planted 2010 (TM 2010). The second factor was irrigation (no irrigation and with irrigation). The irrigation used was bulk irrigation with rotation of once in a weeks during dry season (September-October). Observed variables were number of broken frond, spear frond, dried frond, female inflorencence, and bunches yield. Data was analyzed by analysis of the variance (ANOVA), and the differences of the mean were analyzed by Tuckey at 5% level of significant difference. Irrigation decreased number of broken frond and dry frond. Irrigation increased fresh fruit bunch yield of certain months in current and next year. Age categories (young and mature) had no signicantly effect on number of bunch and fresh fruit bunch per tree. However there was interaction between age categories and irrigation on the average of bunch weight. Keywords : growth, oil palm, rainfall, water deficit, yield
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