Dental caries is still a dental health problem in Indonesia. Fluoride, one of the dental caries prevention materials but its safety and the danger of fluorosis is still debated. Theobromine is an alkaloid compounds contained in cocoa beans. Theobromine is believed to increase enamel microhardness with mineral changes in the enamel superficial layer. Objectives: To determine the influence of Theobromine on the enamel surface microhardness. Effective dose of theobromine to affect enamel hardness will be determined as well. Methods: This study used 40 premolar tooth crown pieces that were embedded in epoxy resin. Furthermore specimens were randomly divided into 4 groups, which were control (distilled water), theobromine 100mg/L (T100), theobromine 500mg/L (T500) and theobromine 1000mg/L (T1000). The specimens were immersed for 15 minutes and microhardness test was performerd using Knoop microhardness tester. Results: Increasing enamel microhardness was observed after treatment with four different theobromine concentration. The highest increased of enamel microhardness was shown in T1000 group and difference compared to other group were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Theobromine is a potential dental caries prevention material due to its effect in improving the surface microhardness of tooth enamel. ABSTRAK Efek teobromin terhadap kekerasan mikro permukaan email. Karies gigi masih menjadi masalah kesehatan gigi di Indonesia. Fluor adalah salah satu bahan pencegah karies gigi namun keamanan dan bahaya fluorosis masih diperdebatkan. Teobromin adalah senyawa alkaloid yang terkandung di dalam biji kakao. Teobromin dipercaya dapat meningkatkan kekerasan mikro email dengan terjadinya perubahan mineral pada lapisan permukaan email. Tujuan: Menentukan pengaruh teobromin terhadap kekerasan permukaan email gigi. Dosis efektif teobromin untuk mempengaruhi kekerasan email akan ditetapkan juga. Metode: 40 potongan mahkota gigi premolar ditanam pada resin epoksi. Selanjutnya spesimen dibagi secara random menjadi 4 kelompok, yaitu kontrol (aquadest), teobromin 100mg/L (T100), teobromin 500mg/L (T500), dan teobromin 1000mg/L (T1000). Spesimen direndam selama 15 menit, kemudian diuji kekerasan mikronya dengan menggunakan Knoop microhardness tester. Hasil: Peningkatan kekerasan mikro email terjadi setelah perlakuan dengan empat konsentrasi teobromin yang berbeda. Peningkatan kekerasan mikro email tertinggi terjadi pada kelompok T1000 dan terdapat perbedaan bermakna dibandingkan dengan ketiga kelompok lainnya (p<0,05). Simpulan: Teobromin merupakan bahan pencegah karies gigi yang potensial karena kemampuannya dalam meningkatkan kekerasan permukaan email gigi.
Kurikulum 2013 sangat erat kaitannya dengan pendidikan karakter. Implementasi buku ajar tematik yang digunakan dalam kurikulum 2013 menekan pada pendidikan karakter. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskriptifkan muatan nilai-nilai karakter yang ada pada buku tematik siswa kelas IV semester 1. Metode penelitian ini Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis metode penelitian analisis isi atau content analysis. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah bahan ajar buku tematik siswa kurikulum 2013 kelas IV semester 1 terbitan Pusat Kurikulum dan Perbukuan Balitbang. Data diperoleh dengan menggunakan teknik kajian isi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Buku Siswa Kelas IV semester 1 telah memuat nilai-nilai karakter yang dikontrakkan pada kurikulum 2013. Nilai karakter yang paling banyak ditemukan ialah nilai karakter bersahabat atau komunikatif dan gemar membaca yang diperkuat dengan instrumen penelitian yaitu dari hasil data observasi dan wawancara. Sedangkan nilai karakter yang paling sedikit ditemukan yaitu nilai karakter semangat kebangsaan.Kata Kunci:pendidikan karakter, buku tematik
Dental caries is still a major dental health problem in Indonesia, and preventive measures needs to be done to resolve it. Enamel is the outer layer of the tooth that is important to protect tooth against caries. Until now, fluoride is well known as one of the reinforcing materials which effectively prevent enamel from dental caries, but the side effects of fluorosis remain debatable because the dose that causes it can not be measured. Therefore, the development of alternative reinforcing materials which are relatively safe in an effort to prevent tooth enamel caries is still required. Theobromine, one of three types of alkaloids contained in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) has been reported to prevent caries by increasing the resistance of tooth enamel tissue. Two types of local clones of Indonesian cocoa beans, Sulawesi 1 (S1) and Sulawesi 2 (S2), were analyzed for its alkaloid's characteristics using HPLC, and its influence on the enamel hardness were determined using Vickers hardness tester machine. The difference in the value of Vickers hardness numbers (VHN) of tooth enamel were analyzed using oneway ANOVA (p <0.05). Optimal concentration and immersion time was obtained by comparing three types of Theobomine solution concentration (0.1%, of 0.05%, and a 0.01%) and three kinds of immersion time (1 h, 30 min, and 15 min). VHN value is highest in the group of single theobromine 0.1% -1 h (p = 0.000). VHN values of mixed group of alkaloids S1 -1 h showed significant differences with the group buffer (negative control) (p = 0.028) and did not differ significantly with single theobromine group of 0.05% -1 h (p = 1.000), 0.1% -30 min (p = 1.000), 0.1% -15 min (p = 1.000) and a 0.01% -1 h (p = 0685). The alkaloids content of Sulawesi 1 with a mixture ratio of alkaloids theobromine: theophyline: Caffeine, 6: 1 : 1, affected tooth enamel hardness.
The purpose of this work is to report a clinical care of diastema closure in case of multiple diastema using composite nanofiller material, as an alternative from orthodontic treatment and also porcelain crown restoration. This method proved to be conservative, practical, and provide high estethic value.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS siswa menggunakan penerapan pendekatan saintifik dalam materi faktor munculnya rasa kebangsaan di Indonesia pada siswa kelas V SDN Rawamangun 01 Pagi Jakarta Timur semester genap tahun pelajaran 2019/2020.Metode penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) yang mengikuti model Kemmis dan Taggart. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi, tes, dokumentasi, wawancara, dan catatan lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan pendekatan saintifik dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS yang signifikan. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan hasil rata-rata tes IPS pada setiap siklus meningkat yaitu pada siklus I siswa yang mencapai KKM (72) sebanyak 17 siswa (60,71%), pada siklus II meningkat menjadi sebanyak 23 siswa (82,14%). Untuk persentase nilai aktivitas guru pada siklus I sebesar 76,67% dan pada siklus II sebesar 86,67%, serta hasil wawancara yang dilakukan menyimpulkan bahwa belajar IPS melalui penerapan pendekatan saintifikdapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas V SDN Rawamangun 01 Pagi Kecamatan Pulogadung Jakarta Timur. Kata kunci : Pendekatan Saintifik, Penelitian Tindakan Kelas, Hasil Belajar IPS
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