A wide variety of technologies is available for the treatment of contaminated soil in both the vadose zone (originating above the water table) and saturated zone (originating below the water table). Several processes involve immobilizing soil contaminants by physically, chemically or biologically. Among them, a wide range of wastes, both solids and liquids, are being treated by “solidification/stabilization” (S/S). In solidification, by adding binding reagents, physical state of the waste being changed by encapsulating a waste to form a solid material from liquid as well as to restrict contaminant migration to leaching by decreasing the exposed surface area. Whereas stabilization through chemical reactions immobilizes the hazardous materials by reducing them to less soluble or toxic form. Characteristics of different types of reagents/additives of S/S technology both from inorganic and organic origin are presented in this paper. In-situ and ex-situ application of S/S technology and their advantages-disadvantages are discussed with basic approaches. Finally, introducing with internal and external factors influencing the long-term durability of S/S treated materials as well as monitoring & treatment management of it after processing are briefly presented
Petroleum oil as a vast source of energy widely used in the whole world in several sectors especially in industry and transportation. The leakage or contamination of oil from pipeline, tank, and industry as a form of oil sludge with soil can produce major environmental and health hazard. Bioremediation is one of the most economical and environmentally safe technology to prevent this contamination though it takes longer time. This paper reviews the basic processes involved in bioremediation, types and the factors affecting it. This study includes some previously adopted different bioremediation methods varies with different process material such as refinery treatment sludge, sewage sludge, microbial organism, bulking agents and different chemical additives. The comparison of these methods is presented in respect of the removal efficiency of an entire process as well as the TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon), aliphatic, aromatic, resins, asphaltene fraction of oil sludge within the different period of time., 0 (201
Granular materials are commonly used to backfill buried structures due to its free-draining property and higher shearing resistance. Conventional analysis of soil-structure interaction is performed assuming soil parameters based on typical values available in published literature for the standard and natural soils. Engineers often require replacing natural sand with locally manufactured sand as a backfill material for buried structures due to the scarcity of material and environmental considerations. This thesis presents a laboratory investigation of a locally manufactured sand which is classified as well-graded clean sand. Considering the various factors on which the strength parameters of soil depend, a series of direct shear tests are performed with varying density, normal stress, moisture content, shear displacement rate. As the soil used as a backfill for the buried structure is usually moist (unsaturated), the entire test program focuses on investigating the behavior of moist sand. The conventional test apparatus is used in this study as the special apparatus typical used in the research with unsaturated soil is not readily available to the practicing engineer. The study reveals that the conventional test apparatus can reasonably be used to estimate the design parameters for moist sand. For the manufactured sand used in this study, the effect of capillary suction on the shear strength parameters is found to be less significant. While the strength parameters depend on the degree of saturation, these depend extensively on the dry density of the soil with a higher angle of internal friction for the soil with higher dry density.
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