Citizen budgeting has become an increasingly common practice in municipalities across the United States. It offers an alternative to traditionally technocratic budgeting processes, and can connect and engage citizens in decisions about services and funding. Little research has been conducted on how local policymakers perceive citizen budgeting and outcomes. This study examined the benefits local policymakers identified following two successive years of a citizen-budgeting process in a mid-sized Midwestern city. Interviews with 23 local policymakers (a mayor, city council members, and city department heads) identified nine types of benefits produced by the citizen-budgeting process. The study demonstrates that identifying perceived benefits of citizen budgeting processes can shed light on the question of the extent to which such budgeting methods are citizen-driven, leader-driven, or a combination of both.
The R-values of permeable insulation systems are generally determined in test apparatuses designed to assure one-dimensional heat transfer and to assure no air intrusion effects. Such classical R-values are then calculationally employed to help describe in situ heat-transfer rates through insulation systems.
The research reported herein reexamines the applicability of these classical R-values to commonly encountered insulation systems where air intrusion is physically possible. Several kinds of findings are reported: (a) Laboratory-determined R-values for several types and thicknesses of permeable insulators, under conditions of no externally imposed flows. (b) Laboratory-determined heat-transfer rates for several permeable insulators under conditions of externally imposed flows (air intrusion). (c) Theoretically calculated heat-transfer rates for permeable insulation systems which sustain infiltrative-exfiltrative air intrusion effects.
The results obtained show that the thermal insulation provided by a permeable insulation system may differ substantially from that which is predicted by simple application of classical R-values.
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