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Human endothelial morphologic changes were quantitated by specular microscopy and computer-assisted morphometry to establish normal baselines of various morphologic parameters. Cellular polymegethism and cellular pleomorphism increases with age, and normal baseline parameters are detailed. Furthermore, no significant difference in any morphologic parameters between the right and left eye and between central and peripheral endothelium was detected in the normal corneas examined. These normal morphologic baselines can possibly be utilized to detect early corneal endothelial pathology and/or cell loss nondetectable by cell density measurement.

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Development and differentiation of the zebrafish cornea are easily accessible to analysis. Anatomic and ultrastructural characterization of the zebrafish cornea demonstrates many similarities to the human cornea and provides the basis for the use of the zebrafish model both to analyze the basic genetic mechanisms of corneal development and to study the causes of corneal disease.

Backscattering experiments at microwave frequencies were conducted off the west coast of Scotland in the summer of 1991. Using a dual-polarization, eightfrequency, X band, coherent scatterometer mounted on the bow of a boat, we measured time-resolved backscattering from ocean waves at a range of grazing angles from 10 ø to 70 ø. From the grazing-angle-dependent signals and their Doppler spectra, we are able to differentiate Bragg scattering from non-Bragg scattering and resolve "peak separation" between the vertical and horizontal polarizations. We observe instances of "super" events, i.e., instances when the horizontal polarization return power equals or exceeds the vertical polarization power at particular frequencies. We find that "super" events occur not only at low grazing angles but at any grazing angle for upwind viewing directions and obtain statistics for such occurrences as a function of grazing angle. We study the coherence properties of scatterers and find strong evidence that at low grazing angles, lifetime-dominated, non-Bragg scattering contributes noticeably to returns of both polarizations, but is dominant in providing returns for the horizontal polarization. We examine "spiking" events and find that they can be related to, but need not be limited to, breaking wave events. By comparing the data of upwind runs with cross-wind and circle runs, we obtain wind direction dependence of Doppler spectra, which further assists in the identification of scattering mechanisms. 2591 2592 LEE ET AL.' X BAND MICROWAVE BACKSCATTERING FROM OCEAN WAVESTable 1. Frequency Pairs for Microwave Scatterometer Polarization, GHz Pair Vertical Horizontal 1 9.020 9.021 2 9.170 9.171 3 9.320 9.321 4 9.470 9.471 four quadrature mixers, one for each transmitted frequency. Each mixer generates an in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) signal with a frequency response of 0 to 1000 Hz. With complex amplitude thus generated for each frequency, there are 16 channels of output. During an experiment the 16 signals are recorded digitally on a multichannel cassette recorder.An absolute calibration of the scatterometer system [Barter et al., 1993] was conducted in a large (10 m x 10 m x 30 m) anechoic chamber using spheres and cylinders of various sizes as well as corner reflector targets. Measurements consisted of establishing the output power and receiver gain of each of the eight frequency channels, the system radiation patterns in two perpendicular planes in the forward half sphere, the range dependence of the signal power, and the cross-polarization isolation of the scatterometer system. The essential results of the calibration are as follows: total power (eight channels), -1 W; nominal receiver gain each channel, -60 dB; system radiation pattern, approximately Gaussian main lobe; azimuthal plane -3 dB beam width, 8.7 ø for VV and 10.3 ø for HH; vertical plane -3 dB beam width, 11 ø for VV and 9.6 ø for HH; average -3 dB beam width, 9.5ø; antenna gain, 26.6 dB; cross-polarization isolation, >35 dB; image rejection ratio, --45 dB. As an ex...

BACKGROUND: Refractive surgery and videokeratography have allowed us to study the effects on visual performance of relatively large changes in corneal aberration structure induced by surgical changes in corneal shape. METHODS: We quantified in one eye of nine normal and 23 radial keratotomy patients, the area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF) and corneal first surface wavefront variance for two artificial pupil sizes (3 and 7 mm). Contrast sensitivity was measured with sine-wave gratings at six spacial frequencies. Wavefront variance was derived from videokeratographs using Zernike polynomials. RESULTS: For normals eyes there were no significant changes over time. For eyes that had radial keratotomy, there were significant pupil sizedependent changes. For the 3 mm pupil, there were significant surgery-induced changes in the corneal wavefront variance which became large (approximately 30 times preoperative values) at 7 mm. Significant correlated changes in AULCSF for the 7 mm pupil but not for the 3 mm pupil occurred immediately following surgery and remained. CONCLUSIONS: Radial keratotomy, like photorefractive keratectomy, shifts the distribution of aberrations from third order dominance (coma-like aberrations) to fourth order dominance (sphericallike aberrations). Radial keratotomy-induced aberrations and loss in contrast sensitivity are reduced with increasing clear zone diameter. Radial keratotomy induces an increase in the optical aberrations of the eye and the increase for large pupils (7 mm) but not small (3 mm) is correlated to a decrease in contrast sensitivity. [J Retract Surg 1998;14:397-4071

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