With a major global emphasis on the management of waste, alternative resources and a shift to environmentally sustainable technologies, demand for large volumes of heterogeneous solid biomass feedstocks for energy or chemical use is expected to rise signifi cantly. In transforming a sporadic supply of a low-value, highly variable product, to continuous and controlled high throughput systems, a thorough understanding of the feedstock properties will increase in importance. Appropriate characterisation tests are necessary to defi ne technical specifi cation and selection criteria for handling equipment and to appraise the requirement and location for additional processes or pre-treatment to be integrated into the handling chain. Such tests may also infl uence the material characteristics to be used in the conversion process. This paper discusses the main feedstock attributes associated with a number of handling chain phases and the approach to obtain them. The framework for a holistic approach to the characterisation and design of biomass feedstock handling systems for further development and practical implementation is also proposed.
Open loop control has commonly been used to conduct tasks for a range of Industrial Control Systems (ICS). ICS however, are susceptible to security exploits. A possible countermeasure to the active and passive attacks on ICS is to provide cryptography to thwart the attacker by providing confidentiality and integrity for transmitted data between nodes on the ICS network; however, a drawback of applying cryptographic algorithms to ICS is the additional communication latency that is generated. The proposed solution presented in this paper delivers a mathematical model suitable for predicting the latency and impact of software security constructs on ICS communications.The proposed model has been tested and validated against a software simulated open loop control scenario, the results obtained indicate on average a 1.3 percentage difference between the model and simulation.
Carbamazepine (CBZ) shows a poor dissolution, therefore, it is important to enhance its dissolution in GI tract to improve its bioavailability. In the present study, a new hydrophilic carrier, d-gluconolactone (GNL), was extruded with CBZ at various molar ratios to produce granules by using hot melt extrusion (HME) processing. The granular extrudates were characterised by X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and hot stage microscopy to determine the solid state of CBZ. It was found that bulk CBZ (Form-III) transformed to the polymorphic Form-I during the HME processing. GNL was proved to be an efficient carrier for CBZ to enhance the dissolution rate. The increase in the dissolution rate was observed for both physical mixtures and the extrudates of CBZ-GNL. However, the extrudates showed faster dissolution rates compared to physical mixtures in an ascending order of 2:1 < 1:1 < 1.5:1 (CBZ:GNL). The increase in the dissolution rates was attributed to the transformation of CBZ III to Form-I and also to the increased drug wettability/solubilisation in the presence of the carrier.
In this paper the negative effect on the efficiency of coal-fired power generating stations, caused by unequal split ratios of pulverized fuel in pipeline branches downstream from bifurcations, is identified. Five active techniques for controlling split ratios have been developed and tested on a test-scale rig. Three of the five techniques were deemed to have potential for retrofitting into existing power generating stations and have been tested in detail on a large pilot-scale rig. The observations and the ensuing conclusions are presented.
This paper contains a summary of results obtained from experiments carried out at The Wolfson Centre for Bulk Solids Handling Technology at the University of Greenwich on the segregation of dry binary particle mixtures of the same material when they fill a hopper. A test facility has been built which represents a two-dimensional segment of a hopper. Binary mixtures were fed into this container using amplitude feedback-controlled vibratory feeders via a static in-line mixer and one of two different feed chute designs; one curved and the other straight. 'Thieving' probes were used to sample the segregated heap of material from the hopper. The contents of each probe then underwent size analysis to ascertain the change in the size distribution from that of the original mixture. It is shown that a mechanism, termed embedment, caused by the vertical component of the feed velocity on impact with the forming heap, has a dramatic effect on the segregation process. A detailed discussion of the relationship between the possible mechanisms occurring in the heap formation process in the light of the segregation patterns observed is given.
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