With a major global emphasis on the management of waste, alternative resources and a shift to environmentally sustainable technologies, demand for large volumes of heterogeneous solid biomass feedstocks for energy or chemical use is expected to rise signifi cantly. In transforming a sporadic supply of a low-value, highly variable product, to continuous and controlled high throughput systems, a thorough understanding of the feedstock properties will increase in importance. Appropriate characterisation tests are necessary to defi ne technical specifi cation and selection criteria for handling equipment and to appraise the requirement and location for additional processes or pre-treatment to be integrated into the handling chain. Such tests may also infl uence the material characteristics to be used in the conversion process. This paper discusses the main feedstock attributes associated with a number of handling chain phases and the approach to obtain them. The framework for a holistic approach to the characterisation and design of biomass feedstock handling systems for further development and practical implementation is also proposed.
Open loop control has commonly been used to conduct tasks for a range of Industrial Control Systems (ICS). ICS however, are susceptible to security exploits. A possible countermeasure to the active and passive attacks on ICS is to provide cryptography to thwart the attacker by providing confidentiality and integrity for transmitted data between nodes on the ICS network; however, a drawback of applying cryptographic algorithms to ICS is the additional communication latency that is generated. The proposed solution presented in this paper delivers a mathematical model suitable for predicting the latency and impact of software security constructs on ICS communications.The proposed model has been tested and validated against a software simulated open loop control scenario, the results obtained indicate on average a 1.3 percentage difference between the model and simulation.
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