Tingginya penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat menyebabkan terjadinya masalah resistensi antibiotik. Aspek pengetahuan merupakan faktor sosial kognitif yang mempengaruhi perilaku pada setiap individu, termasuk perilaku dalam penggunaan antibiotik. Pengetahuan sendiri sangat dipengaruhi oleh tingkat pendidikan dan faktor usia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat Kelurahan Sidorejo Kidul terhadap penggunaan antibiotik berdasarkan tingkat pendidikan dan faktor usia. Metode penelitian ini adalah survei analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah masyarakat Kelurahan Sidorejo Kidul sebanyak 100 responden yang dipilih secara proporsional sampling. Data tingkat pendidikan dan factor usia terhadap pengetahuan dalam penggunaan antibiotik dianalisis menggunakan uji korelasi Chi Square. Hasil analisis diperoleh berdasarkan tingkat pendidikan nilai Asymtotic Significance yang diperoleh adalah 0,000 < 0,05 yang artinya terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara tingkat pendidikan dan pengetahuan dalam penggunaan antibiotik. Pengujian SPSS berdasarkan faktor usia didapatkan nilai signifikan 0,018 < 0,05 yang artinya terdapat hubungan yang sigifikan antara usia dengan tingkat pengetahuan. Dari hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat korelasi antara tingkat pendidikan dan factor usia masyarakat Kelurahan Sidorejo Kidul Kecamatan Tingkir Kota Salatiga tehadap pengetahuan dalam penggunaan antibiotic.Kata Kunci : Antibiotik, tingkat pengetahuan, faktor usiaThe high use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance problem. Aspects of knowledge is a cognitive social factors that influence the behavior of each individual, including behavior in the use of antibiotics. Knowledge is greatly influenced by the age factor and level of education.This study aims to determine the correlation of education level and the age factor in Sidorejo Kidul Village Tingkir District Salatiga on knowledge in the use of antibiotics.This research method is analytic survey with cross sectional approach. Samples were Sidorejo Kidul Villager 100 respondents selected by proportional sampling. Data on the education level of knowledge in the use of antibiotics were analyzed using Chi Square correlation test.The results obtained for the level education by analysis of Asymtotic Significance value of 0.000 or less than 0.05, which means there was a significant correlation between level of education and knowledge in the use of antibiotics. Testing using spss for the age factor obtained a significant value of 0.018 <0.05, which meant there was a significant correlation between age and level of knowledge. From these results it can be concluded that there is a correlation between the level of public education and the age factor of Sidorejo Kidul Villager Tingkir District Salatiga on knowledge in the use of antibiotics.Keywords : Antibiotics, level education, age factor, knowledge
Comercial toothpaste contain fluoride to prevent dental caries. The usage of fluoride in large quantities may cause irreversible enamel fluorosis, brittle bones, brittle teeth, premature aging, spontaneous abortion, and carcinogenic. Objective this experiment is knowing the extract concentration of finger roots and lemongrass which is equivalent to positive control and then performed optimization of toothpaste preparation formula with different concentrations of CMC-Na and carbomer with pH and viscosity parameters using the Simple Lattice Design method. The antibacterial test of lemongrass extract, finger roots and its combination with a concentration of 5% against Streptococcus mutans bacteria, showed the average diameter of the largest clear zone: finger roots extract was 11.167±0.288mm; combination of lemongrass extract:finger roots extract (1:2) was 10.83±0.288mm; combination of lemongrass extract: finger roots (2:1) was 10,067±1,006mm; lemongrass extract was 9.33±0.751mm; The combination of lemongrass extract:finger roots extract (1:1) was 9,133±0,321mm.. Post Hoc test results shows comparable to positive controls were 5% finger roots extracts, combination of lemongrass:finger roots 1:2 combination, and 2:1 combination. The optimum formula was obtained using the SLD method with a combination of 0.900% CMC-Na and 1,100% carbomer as a binding agent. The optimum pH formula of toothpaste was 7,613±0,076 and Viscosity 2,43,104cps±2571,640. The paired t-test pH obtained p-value 0.222 and the viscosity obtained p-value 0.934. The experimental results were not significantly different from the results predicted by the software simply latex design. The 5% finger roots extract can be developed into an herbal toothpaste with binding agent CMC-Na and a carbomer ratio of 0,9:1,1.
Rimpang jahe merah (Zingiber officinale Rosc. Var.Rubrum) terbukti mempengaruhi sel imun dengan menurunkan level TNF-α dan IFN-Ɣ pada kelompok perlakuan. Adanya senyawa pengotor pada ekstrak seperti lemak, resin, gula, serat, pati dapat menyebabkan penurunan aktivitas pada uji farmakologis. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh purifikasi ekstrak rimpang jahe merah terhadap aktivitas imunomodulator dan kandungan fenolnya. Penarikan metabolit sekunder pada rimpang jahe merah menggunakan maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96%. Purifikasi ekstrak dilakukan dengan cara partisi, dimurnikan dengan pelarut n-heksana. Penentuan kandungan fenol diuji menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteu. Metode bersihan karbon pada hewan coba bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas imunomodulator berdasarkan nilai konstanta fagositosis. Hasil pengujian kadar fenol total ekstrak kasar jahe merah sebesar 338,567 mg GAE/g sampel dan ekstrak purifikasi n-heksana sebesar 862,883 mg GAE/g sampel. Aktivitas imunomodulator ekstrak purifikasi jahe merah tidak berbeda signifikan dengan kelompok kontrol positif Phyllanthus niruri (p>0,05). Hasil pengujian diketahui bahwa ekstrak terpurifikasi rimpang jahe merah memberikan hasil yang signifikan baik kadar fenol maupun aktivitas imumodulator dibandingkan sediaan ekstrak kasarnya.Red ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc. Var.Rubrum) was shown to affect immune cells by reducing TNF-α and IFN-Ɣ levels in the treatment group. The presence of impurities in extracts such as fat, resin, sugar, fiber, starch can cause a decrease in activity in pharmacological tests. This study was conducted to determine the effect of purification of red ginger rhizome extract on immunomodulatory activity and phenol content. Withdrawal of secondary metabolites from red ginger rhizome used maceration with 96% ethanol solvent. Extract purification was carried out by partitioning, purified with n-hexane solvent. Determination of phenol content was tested using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The method of carbon clearance in animals aims to determine the immunomodulatory activity based on the value of the phagocytosis constant. The total phenol content of the crude extract of red ginger was 338.567 mg GAE / g sample and purified extract of n-hexane was 862.883 mg GAE / g sample. The immunomodulatory activity of the purified red ginger extract was no meaningful difference between with the positive control group of Phyllanthus niruri (p>0,05). The test results showed that the purified extract of red ginger rhizome gave significant results in both phenol content and immunomodulatory activity compared to the crude extract preparation
Parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa) contains active compounds of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides. Parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa) has many benefits for human health, one of which is as an anti-fungal. In this study, the antifungal activity test of 70% ethanol extract and 96% ethanol extract of parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa) was tested against Candida albicans. This research was conducted by maceration using 70% ethanol and 96% ethanol as solvents. While the anti-fungal activity used the disc diffusion method using a concentration variation of 2.5% w / v; 5% w / v and 10% w / v using the ratio of ketoconazole antibiotics. Parijoto fruit extract (Medinilla speciosa) obtained 70% (%) ethanol and 96% (%) ethanol. Ethanol 70% with a concentration of 2.5% w / v of 25.83 mm; 5% w / v was 27.03 mm and 10% w / v was 28.03 mm, while the ethanol extract of 96% parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa) at a concentration of 2.5% w / v was 31.59 mm; 5% w / v of 33.24 mm and 10% w / v of 36.11 mm. The statistical results of 70% ethanol and 96% ethanol, both of which have anti-fungal activity, are not much different, as evidenced by the T-Test statistical test with a P-Value of 0.00 <0.05, because the effect of the 96% parijoto fruit compound is more effective. . The 70% ethanol extract and 96% ethanol extract of parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa) can inhibit the growth of Candda albicans with a concentration of 10%. ABSTRAK Buah Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) mengandung senyawa aktif flavonoid, tanin, saponin, glikosida. Buah parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) merupakan yang memiliki banyak manfaat bagi kesehatan manusia, salah satunya adalah sebagai antifungi. Dalam penelitian ini, uji aktivitas antifungi dari ekstrak etanol 70% dan ekstrak etanol 96% buah parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) akan diuji terhadap Candida albicans. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70% dan etanol 96%. Sedangkan aktivitas antifungi menggunakan metode difusi cakram menggunakan variasi kosentrasi 2,5% b/v; 5% b/v dan 10% b/v dengan menggunakan perbandingan antibiotik ketokonazole. Ekstrak buah parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) diperoleh hasil etanol 70% (%) dan etanol 96% (%). Etanol 70% dengan konsentrasi 2,5% b/v sebesar 25,83 mm; 5% b/v sebesar 27,03 mm dan 10% b/v sebesar 28,03 mm sedangkan ekstrak etanol 96% buah parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) pada konsentrasi 2,5% b/v sebesar 31,59 mm; 5% b/v sebesar 33,24 mm dan 10% b/v sebesar 36,11 mm. Hasil statistik etanol 70% dan etanol 96% aktivitas antifungi keduanya memiliki aktivitas antifungi yang tidak jauh berbeda sebagaimana dibuktikan dari uji statistik T-Test dengan nilai P-Value 0,00 <0,05, karena pengaruh dari senyawa buah parijoto 96% lebih efektif. Ekstrak etanol 70% dan etanol 96% buah parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Candda albicans dengan kosentrasi 10%.
Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants, including those that have the ability to inhibit bacterial growth, lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus) and Fingerroots (Boesenbergia pandurata). Streptococcus mutans is a bacterium that causes dental caries. This Experiment want to determine the content of chemical compounds and the antibacterial activity of Lemongrass extract (Cymbopogon nardus) and Fingerroots (Boesenbergia pandurata) against Streptococcus mutans. The study was conducted experimentally with samples of lemongrass and Fingerroots. Extraction using maceration method using 70% Ethanol solvent. Phytochemical screening test with color test and determination of total flavonoid levels using a spectrophotometer. Antibacterial activity test uses the disk diffusion method against Streptococcus mutans. Phytochemical screening results of lemongrass extract and fingerroots with color test qualitative test showed positive containing flavonoids, saponins and tannins. In the test determination of total flavonoid levels, showed an average total flavonoid levels in lemongrass extracts of 48.61 mgQE / g and in Fingerroots extracts of 24.71 mgQE / g. The results of the antibacterial test against Streptococcus mutans obtained the largest average diameter of inhibitory zone in the extract of Fingerroots 5% w / v (11.167 mm), then the concentration of 5% w / v combination of lemongrass: Fingerroots 1: 2 (10.83 mm ), 2: 1 combination (10,067 mm). lemongrass (9.33 mm), 1: 1 combination (9,133 mm), Based on the Post Hoc test results that were comparable to positive controls were 5% fingerrots, combination of lemongrass: 1: 2 Fingerroots, and 2: 1 combination. The average total flavonoid level in lemongrass extract is more than the average total flavonoid content in Fingerroots. But in the same concentration 5% Fingerroots extract provides the greatest antibacterial inhibitory activities.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.