Hipertensi merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang umum di negara berkembang. Riskesdas tahun 2013 menyatakan bahwa prevalensi hipertensi secara umum diindonesia sebesar 26,5% dengan proporsi serbesar berada di Jawa Tengah yaitu 57,89%. Polifarmasi secara signifikan bisa meningkatkan resiko interaksi obat dimana interaksi obat merupakan salah satu faktor penting dalam drug related problem yang dapat mempengaruhi outcome terapi pasien. Interaksi obat merupakan satu dari delapan kategori masalah terkait obat (drug-related problem) yang dapat mempengaruhi outcome klinis pasien, dengan meningkatnya kompleksitas obat-obat yang digunakan dalam pengobatan saat ini dan kecenderungan terjadinya praktik polifarmasi, maka kemungkinan terjadinya interaksi obat semakin besar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan interaksi obat dalam resep polifarmasi pada pasien yang mendapat terapi obat antihipertensi di instalasi farmasi RSP dr. Ario Wirawan Salatiga. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara retrospektif dengan menggunakan resep pasien hipertensi rawat jalan di Rumah Sakit Paru Ario Wirawan Salatiga periode Januari-Maret 2019 sebanyak 72 sampel yang termasuk ke dalam kriteria inklusi. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif menggunakan Drug Interaction Facts dan di analisis dengan Spearman test. Diperoleh data bahwa jumlah interaksi obat-obat yang terjadi (51,39%). Pola mekanisme yang terbanyak adalah farmakokinetik (53,97%) dengan tingkat keparahan yang terbanyak adalah minor (42,86%). Hasil menunjukkan adanya korelasi antara jumlah obat dengan kejadian interaksi (r=0,986, p=000) adanya hubungan yang sangat signifikan.Kata kunci : Interaksi Obat, polifarmasi, terapi obat hipertensi.Hypertension is a common problem in developing countries. Based on the basic health research in 2013, the prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia was 26.5% with a large proportion in Central Java at 57.89%. Polypharmacy can significantly increase the risk of drug interactions where drug interactions are an important factor in drug related problems that can affect the outcome of patient therapy. Drug interaction is one of eight categories of drug-related problems that can affect a patient's clinical outcome. Increasing complexity of the drugs used in current treatment will raise the tendency for polypharmacy to occur, resulting higher chance for the drug interaction possibility.This study is aimed to find relationship of drug interactions with polypharmacy prescriptions by patients receiving antihypertensive drug therapy in Dr. Ario Wirawan Hospital. This study was conducted retrospectively using the outpatient prescription that entered the inclusion criteria at Dr. Ario Wirawan Hospital Salatiga. A total of 72 samples that included in the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed descriptively using Drug Interaction Facts and analyzed by Spearman test. Result showed that the number of drug interactions that occurred (51,39%). The most mechanism pattern of the drug interaction was pharmacokinetics (53,97%) with the highest severity level being minor (42,86%). This study showed that there is a a very significant correlation between the number of drugs and interactions (r = 0.986, p = 000).Keywords : Drug interactions, polypharmacy, hypertension drug therapy
LDaun insulin (Tithonia diversifolia) secara empiris digunakan oleh masyarakat Indonesia untuk menurunkan kadar gula darah. Senyawa aktif dalam ekstrak etanol daun insulin yang diprediksi memiliki aktivitas penurunan kadar gula darah adalah senyawa flavonoid dan fenolik. Ekstraksi dengan metode maserasi diharapkan dapat menjaga flavonoid dan fenolik dari kerusakan akibat pemanasan. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui metabolit sekunder dan kadar flavonoid total serta fenolik total dalam ekstrak etanol 96% daun Insulin (Tithonia diversifolia) yang diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi. Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimental laboratorium untuk skrining fitokimia dan menetapkan kadar flavonoid total serta fenolik total daun insulin (Tithonia diversifolia) dengan metode maserasi. Kadar flavonoid dan kadar fenolik ditetapkan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri visible. Flavonoid ditetapkan kadarnya berdasarkan pembentukan senyawa kompleks aluminium klorida, dengan standar baku kuersetin. Kadar fenolik ditetapkan berdasarkan pembentukan senyawa kompleks momolibdenum-tungsten, dengan standar baku asam galat. Hasil penelitian adalah skrining fitokimia ekstrak daun insulin menunjukkan bahwa daun insulin mengandung senyawa flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, tanin dan fenolik. Kadar flavonoid dalam ekstrak etanol 96% daun insulin (Tithonia diversifolia) yang diperoleh metode ekstraksi maserasi adalah sebesar 90,58 mgEQ/gram ekstrak dan kadar fenolik sebesar 67,41 mgEAG/gram ekstrak. Kadar Flavonoid total dalam ekstrak etanol 96% daun Insulin lebih tinggi daripada kadar Fenolik total.Kata kunci : Tithonia diversifolia, Flavonoid, Fenolik, MaserasiInsulin leaf (Tithonia diversifolia) is empirically used by Indonesian people to reduce blood sugar levels. The active compounds in the ethanol extract of insulin leaves which are predicted to have decreased blood sugar levels are flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Extraction using maceration method is expected to be able to protect Flavonoids and Phenolics from heating damage. The study was conducted to find out the secondary metabolites, anda determine total flavonoid and total phenolic levels in ethanol 96% extract of Insulin (Tithonia diversifolia) leaves extracted by maceration method. This research is an experimental laboratory to phytochemical screening, and determine the levels of total flavonoids and total phenolic of insulin leaves (Tithonia diversifolia) by maceration method. Flavonoid levels and phenolic levels were determined using visible spectrophotometry methods. Flavonoid levels are determined based on the formation of aluminum chloride complex compounds, with the standard of quercetin. Phenolic levels are determined based on the formation of the compound momolybdenum-tungsten complex, with gallic acid standard. The result of this research are phytochemical screening of insulin leaf extracts shows that insulin leaves contain flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, tannin, and phenolic. The results showed average concentration of flavonoids in the extract are 90,58 mgQE/ gram extract and concentration of phenolic 67,41 mgGAE/ gram extract.nTotal flavonoid levels in ethanol extract 96% of Insulin leaves are higher than total phenolic levels.Keywords : Tithonia diversifolia, Flavonoid, Phenolic, Maceration
Comercial toothpaste contain fluoride to prevent dental caries. The usage of fluoride in large quantities may cause irreversible enamel fluorosis, brittle bones, brittle teeth, premature aging, spontaneous abortion, and carcinogenic. Objective this experiment is knowing the extract concentration of finger roots and lemongrass which is equivalent to positive control and then performed optimization of toothpaste preparation formula with different concentrations of CMC-Na and carbomer with pH and viscosity parameters using the Simple Lattice Design method. The antibacterial test of lemongrass extract, finger roots and its combination with a concentration of 5% against Streptococcus mutans bacteria, showed the average diameter of the largest clear zone: finger roots extract was 11.167±0.288mm; combination of lemongrass extract:finger roots extract (1:2) was 10.83±0.288mm; combination of lemongrass extract: finger roots (2:1) was 10,067±1,006mm; lemongrass extract was 9.33±0.751mm; The combination of lemongrass extract:finger roots extract (1:1) was 9,133±0,321mm.. Post Hoc test results shows comparable to positive controls were 5% finger roots extracts, combination of lemongrass:finger roots 1:2 combination, and 2:1 combination. The optimum formula was obtained using the SLD method with a combination of 0.900% CMC-Na and 1,100% carbomer as a binding agent. The optimum pH formula of toothpaste was 7,613±0,076 and Viscosity 2,43,104cps±2571,640. The paired t-test pH obtained p-value 0.222 and the viscosity obtained p-value 0.934. The experimental results were not significantly different from the results predicted by the software simply latex design. The 5% finger roots extract can be developed into an herbal toothpaste with binding agent CMC-Na and a carbomer ratio of 0,9:1,1.
AbstrakSirih hijau (Piper betle L.) adalah tanaman yang mudah dijumpai di Indonesia. Secara empiris, sirih hijau digunakan sebagai antibakteri pada luka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas salep ekstrak etanol daun sirih hijau sebagai antibakteri. Pengujian efek antibakteri dilakukan secara in vitro dan in vivo. Ekstrak etanol daun sirih hijau dibuat dengan cara maserasi. Pengujian secara in vitro dilakukan menggunakan metode mikrodilusi terhadap Staphylococcus aureus untuk mengetahui nilai konsentrasi hambat minimum ekstrak daun sirih hijau pada konsentrasi 3, 4, dan 5%. Kemudian ekstrak dibuat salep dan diuji secara in vivo menggunakan hewan uji tikus yang terdiri dari kelompok kontrol negatif, kelompok ekstrak (konsentrasi 3,4, dan 5%), serata pembanding kontrol positif gentamisin 0,1%. Hasil uji dianalisis menggunakan Sapiro-Wilk dan dilanjutkan dengan uji ANAVA serta uji LSD untuk mengetahui perbandingan hasil kelima kelompok perlakuan. Hasil uji in vitro menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi hambat minimum ekstrak daun sirih yang optimal adalah 5%. Hasil uji in vivo menunjukkan lama kesembuhan luka meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya konsentrasi ekstrak daun sirih hijau. Hasil uji normalitas, Anava, dan uji LSD pada uji in vivo memberikan hasil yang sejalan. Konsentrasi 4 dan 5% merupakan konsentrasi efektif dengan aktivitas waktu kesembuhan luka tidak berbeda bermakna dengan kontrol positif (gentamisin 0,1%) dengan rerata waktu berturut-turut 6,20±0,80 dan 6,00±0,71 hari. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil uji antibakteri pada salep sejalan dengan uji secara in-vitro ekstrak daun Sirih Hijau yang memiliki potensi sebagai antibakteri.Kata kunci: Daun sirih hijau, Antibakteri, Salep, Luka Antibacterial activity from ointment contains extract of green betle leaves (Piper betle l.) to Staphylococcus aureus bacterial infection Abstract Green betel (Piper betle L.) is a plant that is easy to find in Indonesia. Empirically, green betel is used as an antibacterial to the wound. This study aims to determine the activity of ointment of ethanol extract of green betel leaves as antibacterial. Tests of antibacterial effects were performed in vitro and in vivo. Ethanol extract of green betel leaf is made by maceration. In vitro testing was done using micro dilution method to Staphylococcus aureus to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration
Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants, including those that have the ability to inhibit bacterial growth, lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus) and Fingerroots (Boesenbergia pandurata). Streptococcus mutans is a bacterium that causes dental caries. This Experiment want to determine the content of chemical compounds and the antibacterial activity of Lemongrass extract (Cymbopogon nardus) and Fingerroots (Boesenbergia pandurata) against Streptococcus mutans. The study was conducted experimentally with samples of lemongrass and Fingerroots. Extraction using maceration method using 70% Ethanol solvent. Phytochemical screening test with color test and determination of total flavonoid levels using a spectrophotometer. Antibacterial activity test uses the disk diffusion method against Streptococcus mutans. Phytochemical screening results of lemongrass extract and fingerroots with color test qualitative test showed positive containing flavonoids, saponins and tannins. In the test determination of total flavonoid levels, showed an average total flavonoid levels in lemongrass extracts of 48.61 mgQE / g and in Fingerroots extracts of 24.71 mgQE / g. The results of the antibacterial test against Streptococcus mutans obtained the largest average diameter of inhibitory zone in the extract of Fingerroots 5% w / v (11.167 mm), then the concentration of 5% w / v combination of lemongrass: Fingerroots 1: 2 (10.83 mm ), 2: 1 combination (10,067 mm). lemongrass (9.33 mm), 1: 1 combination (9,133 mm), Based on the Post Hoc test results that were comparable to positive controls were 5% fingerrots, combination of lemongrass: 1: 2 Fingerroots, and 2: 1 combination. The average total flavonoid level in lemongrass extract is more than the average total flavonoid content in Fingerroots. But in the same concentration 5% Fingerroots extract provides the greatest antibacterial inhibitory activities.
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