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BackgroundFactors associated with depression of medical students are poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of depression in medical students, its change during the course, if depression persists for affected students, what are the factors associated with depression and how these factors change over time.MethodsA prospective, longitudinal observational study was conducted at the Medical School of the University of Minho, Portugal, between academic years 2009–2010 to 2012–2013. We included students who maintained their participation by annually completing a questionnaire including Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Anxiety and burnout were assessed using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory and Maslach Burnout Inventory. Surveys on socio-demographic variables were applied to evaluate potential predictors, personal and academic characteristics and perceived difficulties. ANOVA with multiple comparisons were used to compare means of BDI score. The medical students were organized into subgroups by K-means cluster analyses. ANOVA mixed-design repeated measurement was performed to assess a possible interaction between variables associated with depression.ResultsThe response rate was 84, 92, 88 and 81% for academic years 2009–2010, 2010–2011,2011-2012 and 2012/2013, respectively. Two hundred thirty-eight medical students were evaluated longitudinally. For depression the prevalence ranged from 21.5 to 12.7% (academic years 2009/2010 and 2012/2013). BDI scores decreased during medical school. 19.7% of students recorded sustained high BDI over time. These students had high levels of trait-anxiety and choose medicine for anticipated income and prestige, reported more relationship issues, cynicism, and decreased satisfaction with social activities. Students with high BDI scores at initial evaluation with low levels of trait-anxiety and a primary interest in medicine as a career tended to improve their mood and reported reduced burnout, low perceived learning problems and increased satisfaction with social activities at last evaluation. No difference was detected between men and women in the median BDI score over time.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that personal factors (anxiety traits, medicine choice factors, relationship patterns and academic burnout) are relevant for persistence of high levels of BDI during medical training. Medical schools need to identity students who experience depression and support then, as early as possible, particularly when depression has been present over time.

> A life-cycle assessment of primary and secondary use of EV batteries is performed > Three scenarios of battery use in an EV are assessed, characterized by Crate > Two residential energy storage strategies are analyzed: peak shaving and load shifting > Cycling the battery at 0.4C in the EV results in 42-50% less impacts per km than at 0.8C > Benefits of extending the life of the battery strongly depend on the electricity mix

Sucrose is a very important component in in vitro culture media, serving as a source of carbon and energy. In this paper, the rooting and in vitro growth of Dendrobium nobile Lindl (Orchidaceae) were studied using different sucrose concentrations (0 g L-1; 5 g L-1; 10 g L-1; 20 g L-1; 30 g L-1 and 60 g L-1), in a modified MS medium containing half the regular concentration of macronutrients at pH 5.8. Greater increases in plant height (4.21±0.6 cm) and high seedling multiplication (1:4) were observed in the 60 g L-1 sucrose treatment, even without the addition of plant hormones. Sucrose concentration in the culture medium did not influence in vitro plant rooting.

A propagação in vitro é uma importante técnica na reprodução de orquídeas, devido às sementes serem desprovidas de endosperma e apresentarem uma baixa taxa de germinação na natureza. A sacarose é um componente importante no meio de cultura servindo como fonte de carbono e energia para as plântulas e os macronutrientes são essenciais para a nutrição e crescimento. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento in vitro de Oncidium baueri (Orchidaceae) em diferentes concentrações de macronutrientes e sacarose. Os tratamentos consistiram em duas formulações dos macronutrientes do meio Murashige e Skoog (1962), sendo, MS completo e MS modificado com metade da concentração dos macronutrientes e de diferentes concentrações de sacarose (30 gL-1 , 40 gL-1 e 60 gL-1), com pH 5,8. O delineamento experimental foi esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (meio x concentrações de sacarose) com oito repetições, contendo 20 plântulas por parcela. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância complementada pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Os parâmetros avaliados após seis meses do início do experimento foram: altura da parte aérea, comprimento da maior raiz, número de raízes, número de brotos, massa fresca total e massa seca total. Constatou-se que no tratamento contendo 40 gL-1 de sacarose e a metade da concentração dos macronutrientes do meio MS, foi o mais eficiente para o desenvolvimento vegetativo e no enraizamento da orquídea Oncidium baueri.

ABSTRACT

RESUMOAs sementes de diferentes espécies apresentam comportamento variável para a temperatura e o substrato no processo de germinação, o que pode fornecer informações de interesse biológico e ecológico. Com relação às espécies tropicais, muito pouco se conhece sobre as exigências das sementes quanto aos diversos fatores envolvidos na germinação, sendo assim o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência da temperatura e substrato na germinação de sementes de Melocactus bahiensis. As germinações foram analisadas nas temperaturas constantes de 20, 25 e 30 o C e alternada de 20-30 o C nos substratos areia e papel de filtro. As variáveis avaliadas foram o índice de velocidade de germinação, a porcentagem de germinação e a altura da parte aérea da plântula. A maior germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação foram a 25 o C não havendo diferença entre os substratos testados. Para altura da parte aérea da plântula, os resultados mostraram que não houve variação em função da temperatura para o substrato areia, sendo as médias superiores ao substrato papel. As melhores condições para condução do teste de germinação em sementes de Melocactus bahiensis são o substrato areia e a temperatura de 25 o C. Palavras-chave: Análise de sementes; índice de velocidade de germinação; propagação; teste de germinação. ABSTRACTThe seeds from different species present variable behavior for temperature and substratum in the germination process, and this can provide information of biological and ecological interest. In relation to the tropical species, there is insufficient knowledge about the requirement of the seed when it is related with the different factors involved in the germination. In this way, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the influence of the temperature and substratum in the germination of Melocactus bahiensis seeds. The germinations were analyzed in constant temperatures of 20, 25 and 30 ºC, and alternated temperatures of 20-30 ºC in sand and filter-paper substratum. The variables evaluated were the germination speed index, percentage of germination and the height of the aerial part of seedling. The highest percentage of germination and germination speed index were at 25 ºC and there were not differences between the substrates tested. For the height of the aerial part of seedling, the results showed that there was not variation in function of the temperature for the sand substratum, being the averages higher than the filter-paper substratum. The best conditions for the conduction of germination test of Melocactus bahiensis's seeds are sand substratum and temperature of 25 ºC.