The surface chemistry of a commercial AC (AC(0)) was selectively modified, without changing significantly its textural properties, by chemical oxidation with HNO(3) (AC(HNO3)) and O(2) (AC(O2)), and thermal treatments under H(2) (AC(H2)) or N(2) (AC(N2)) flow. The effect of modified AC on anaerobic chemical dye reduction was assayed with sulphide at different pH values 5, 7 and 9. Four dyes were tested: Acid Orange 7, Reactive Red 2, Mordant Yellow 10 and Direct Blue 71. Batch experiments with low amounts of AC (0.1 g L(-1)) demonstrated an increase of the first-order reduction rate constants, up to 9-fold, as compared with assays without AC. Optimum rates were obtained at pH 5 except for MY10, higher at pH 7. In general, rates increased with increasing the pH of point zero charge (pH(pzc)), following the trend AC(HNO3) < AC(O2) < AC(0) < AC(N2) < AC(H2). The highest reduction rate was obtained for MY10 with AC(H2) at pH 7, which corresponded to the double, as compared with non-modified AC. In a biological system using granular biomass, AC(H2) also duplicated and increase 4.5-fold the decolourisation rates of MY10 and RR2, respectively. In this last experiment, reaction rate was independent of AC concentration in the tested range 0.1-0.6 g L(-1).

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Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2005 ResumoEste trabalho se refere a levantamento do nível da percepção popular sobre a importância de plantas medicinais para saúde humana, tendo sido conduzido na cidade Campos dos Goytacazes, em região da Mata Atlântica, localizada no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Entrevistas domiciliares, conduzidas com pessoas selecionadas aleatoriamente, relacionaram 64 espécies utilizadas como medicinais, bem como os usuários obtiveram informação para seu consumo e as formas de preparo. Os resultados foram obtidos a partir de questionários semi-estruturados respondidos por residentes selecionados e estratificados segundo poder aquisitivo. AbstractThis work reports a survey on the level of popular perception of the importance of medicinal plants on human health, and it has been conducted in the Atlantic forest town of Campos dos Goytacazes, located at Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Home interviews with persons selected at random related 64 species used as medicinal, as well as the source where users may obtain information on their consumption and preparation techniques. Results were obtained from semi-structured questionnaires answered by residents selected in four groups according to their income.A Mata Atlântica é apontada como o segundo bioma tropical mais ameaçado do planeta, sendo ainda pouco estudada sob o enfoque ecológico, fitossociológico e farmacológico das espécies ali encontradas. Atualmente cerca de 80 milhões de pessoas, mais de 50% da população brasileira, vivem nessa área que, além de abrigar a maioria das cidades e regiões metropolitanas do país, sedia também os grandes pólos industriais, químicos A humanidade utiliza plantas desde alguns séculos antes de Cristo, primeiro numa relação de consumidor de plantas, e mais tarde para a cura de suas enfermidades 3, 4 . Iniciada antes da medicina moderna, a medicina tradicional definida pela OMS como sendo a soma de todos os conhecimentos teóricos e práticos, explicáveis ou não, utilizados para diagnóstico, prevenção e tratamentos físicos, mentais ou sociais, baseados exclusivamente na experiência e observação e transmitidos verbalmente ou por escrito de geração a outra.5 Essa medicina tradicional permanece até os dias de hoje, com base em práticas mantidas há milhares de anos 6 , vem oferecendo uma contribuição ao desenvolvimento da ciência, a partir de conhecimentos e práticas de saúde de caráter empírico, influenciadas pelo contexto sócio-cultural, econômico e físico, no qual encontram-se inseridos 7 . O trabalho teve como objetivo realizar levantamento do uso popular de plantas para fins medicinais pela população da cidade de Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, coletado em quatro estratos sócio-econômicos 8 . Considerando que a medicina tradicional representa um importante papel social, na medida em que, por meio de seus elementos, põe em ação os símbolos compartilhados por toda a sociedade 9 , é importante avaliar se o uso de plantas medicinais decorre de um conhecimento tradicional, embasado na experiência direta dos membros...

This study discusses the retention of Ni(II) by Arthrobacter viscosus supported on zeolite 13 X in batch mode and in continuous mode, at laboratory scale and at pilot scale. The maximum adsorption capacities of 28.37, 20.21 and 11.13 mg/g were recorded for lab scale batch, for continuous lab scale minicolumns and for pilot scale bioreactors, respectively. The Sips isotherm and pseudo second order kinetics described well the observations registered in batch assays. The Adams-Bohart, Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models were applied to data obtained with the pilot scale bioreactor and a good fit was reached for Adams-Bohart and for Yoon-Nelson models. A fed-batch was performed at lab scale and the applicability of the biofilm in continuous mode for the described purpose was confirmed. The sorption mechanism was investigated in detail through FTIR, SEM and EDX analyses.

A new gamma-ray spectrometer with MHz capabilities has been developed to measure the bremsstrahlung emission spectrum in the gamma-ray energy band generated by MeV range runaway electrons in disruption experiments at ASDEX Upgrade. Properties of the runaway electrons are inferred from the measured bremsstrahlung spectrum by a deconvolution technique, particularly with regard to their maximum energy. Changes induced to the runaway electron velocity space are unambiguously observed both in massive gas injection and resonant magnetic perturbation experiments with the detector.

Marine bacteria have evolved to survive in the marine environment by using unique physiological, biochemical and metabolic features and the ability to produce enzymes and compounds which may have commercial value. The Azores archipelago presents several ecosystems with strong volcanic activity where bacteria thrive under e.g. high temperatures. In this study, samples collected in the island of São Miguel were screened for biocatalysts possessing e.g. lipase, esterase, amylase, and inulinase activities. After isolation of several hundred bacterial strains, high throughput screening methods allowed the fast identification of biocatalysts. The first cultivation tests were performed on 24-wells microtiter plates with online oxygen monitoring and bacteria able to grow within 24 h were selected for further process development. Bacteria able to produce the desired enzymes were selected for the first round of tests. Four Bacillus strains presented high inulinase activity. The next step in process development was the determination of key parameters for enzyme activity such as temperature, pH, salinity and substrate concentration. The highest inulinase activity, 2.2 g sugars /g protein h, was attained when the supernatant of a culture of a Bacillus subtilis strain was used in a magnetically stirred bioreactor. This study demonstrates how bacterial strains from marine environments may be used successfully in biotechnological processes.

The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), is an important devastating coffee pest worldwide. Both trypsin and chymotrypsin enzyme activities from H. hampei larval midgut can be inactivated by proteinaceous enzyme-inhibitors. A serine proteinase inhibitor belonging to the Bowman-Birk class was purified from a wild accession of Phaseolus coccineus L. seeds. The inhibitor (PcBBI1) is a cysteine-rich protein that is heat-stable at alkaline pH. MALDI-TOF/MS analysis showed that PcBBI1 occurs in seeds as a monomer (8689 Da) or dimer (17,378 Da). Using in vitro inhibition assays, it was found that PcBBI1 has a high inhibitory activity against H. hampei trypsin-like enzymes, bovine pancreatic chymotrypsin, and trypsin. According to this, PcBBI1 could be a promising tool to make genetically modified coffee with resistance to coffee berry borer.

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