Resumo:Os sistemas tributários endossam a ideia da justiça na repartição do imposto e na diminuição das desigualdades na distribuição da riqueza pelo imposto de renda. Várias pesquisas defendem que a política tributária deve realizar uma redistribuição da renda mais justa, compatível com a ideia de justiça social, a equidade, a igualdade e a progressividade do imposto. Esta pesquisa demonstra que essa repartição do esforço fiscal no imposto de renda português não é justa nem atende aos níveis de renda e que as desigualdades têm se agravado. As conclusões evidenciam tendências verificá-veis eventualmente noutros países, nomeadamente no Brasil.Palavras-chave: Esforço Fiscal. Nível de Fiscalidade. Desigualdade Fiscal. Abstract:Fairness is the underlying general idea of tax systems regarding the tax burden, and the redistribution of wealth in order to reduce inequalities. The principles of equitable distribution of tax burden, the tax equality and progressive income taxation are considered very relevant to the compliance of the tax policy as far as the reduction the income disparities is concerned. This research deals with the distribution of the tax effort of the Portuguese and seeks to demonstrate that the distribution of tax burden is not fair nor corresponds to the declared income levels. It demonstrates that inequalities in income distribution have worsened. The findings of this study can show verifiable possible trends in other countries, including Brazil.
The common VAT system adopted by EU member states comprises a set of various rates, which differentiate the goods and services subject to this tax. However, from a technical and management point of view, it would be preferable to adopt a single tax rate as it reduces distortions and facilitates tax compliance and management. This research seeks to analyse the benefits and disadvantages of adopting a single VAT as a means of simplifying the European VAT model. It takes Portugal as a case study. The main objective of this research is to contribute to the academic debate around the theme of the single rate of VAT versus differentiated rates, through the achievement of a series of analyses and statistical tests to revenues and percentages of GDP that they correspond, in the three scenarios considered in the study: differentiated rates, single rate of 17% and single rate of 21%.In the empirical part, hypotheses were developed, the effects on tax revenue of a differential collection system were analyzed and compared to a possible single rate regime on consumption to verify which one would be more efficient. data comparison permits to verify that the estimated revenue of the single rate of VAT is higher than the values obtained by the system of differentiated rates, in any of the proposed models (17% or 21%). The results of this research are valid for all countries that adopt VAT or general tax transactions.
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