El asalto al Capitolio y el proceso de impeachment contra Donald Trump, tras las elecciones en EEUU (3-N), reabren el debate sobre el poder de la Retórica en el discurso político. Un líder no sometido a reglas impone el lenguaje de la desinformación y del populismo como eje del relato. Twitter se convierte en una herramienta para la deslegitimación de las instituciones, a través de un mensaje que arenga a las masas a la movilización. El objetivo principal del estudio es conocer la temática y estrategias discursivas de Trump en Twitter, dirigidas a denunciar la conspiración y el fraude de los resultados electorales. Aplicamos una metodología de análisis de contenido triangulado basada en el uso de palabras claves (15.365) sobre una muestra general de tuits (721) publicados por el mandatario desde el día después de las elecciones hasta la proclamación de Joe Biden como presidente electo de EEUU. El avance de resultados pone de relieve la influencia del líder, por delante de gobiernos y partidos, el poder de un lenguaje simple y subliminal, el sesgo personal de ganador o de víctima y una capacidad de producción de falacias en Twitter sin precedentes. Los efectos de la mentira de Trump sobre la audiencia social requieren de acciones conjuntas de instituciones, medios de comunicación y plataformas sociales que garanticen el futuro de la democracia.
The institutional political crisis is posited to be a great risk facing twenty-first-century societies. The instability of democracy, the increase in misinformation in electoral processes, and distrust by citizens are facts that are confirmed by studies such as The Economist Intelligence Unit (2018) or Freedom in the World (2018). In the context of the most recent US elections (3-Nov-2020), President Donald Trump initiated a dialog focused on an allegation of electoral fraud that mobilized the masses and culminated in an assault on the Capitol. In parallel, Twitter endorses the role of journalism (@ABC, @AP, @CBSNews, @CNN, @FoxNews, @NBCNews, and @Reuters) as a gatekeeper to lies on the Internet. The aim of this study is to determined how the media treated the electoral process on their Twitter accounts, analyze the strategies they followed to combat Trump’s fallacy, and verify the extent to which they contributed or not to the spread of the conspiracy theory. Using a general sample of tweets (n1 = 3,577), we applied a comparative content analysis methodology with a three-pronged approach (quantitative-qualitative-discursive) based on the use of keyword indicators (n2 = 34,430). The results confirm that the media offered verified content on the electoral process, using different sources and avoiding reproduction of Donald Trump’s delegitimization speech. In general, they engaged in a fight against the theory of electoral fraud, against disinformation, and against the polarization of citizens, which are factors that have marked a scenario of doubt about the future of democracy.
El principal objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el papel que juegan las diferentes comunidades autónomas españolas en el debate mediático nacional. Se toma como referencia la ceremonia de toma de posesión de los presidentes regionales, un acto con una gran trascendencia institucional y política para cada territorio. El análisis de contenido del impacto de las 207 ceremonias de toma de posesión de los 107 presidentes autonómicos españoles en ABC y El País, apunta significativas diferencias en cuanto al protagonismo de cada región en la prensa nacional. Los datos demuestran la existencia de un grupo compuesto por las comunidades históricas y la Comunidad de Madrid, que focaliza la atención mediática. En cuanto al resto de autonomías, existe un tratamiento desigual que conduce, en algunos casos, a la invisibilidad de determinados territorios. Además, los resultados confirman que en la cobertura mediática también influyen otros factores, como el partido político al que pertenece el presidente o si existe relevo en la presidencia.
The climate of division and polarization in the US politics is increasing, going beyond the time in the office of a specific leader. Several political or technological challenges have ended up eroding this trust, making social cohesion difficult. In this context, this research examines the communication strategies of the elected president Biden after the 2020 elections, shedding light on how his legitimacy was built. All the messages that the Democrat published on his personal Twitter account (@JoeBiden) were collected, from the day after the presidential elections (4 November 2020) until his inauguration as president of the United States (20 January 2021). Using a content analysis method on issue/game frame and dissemination of the messages (n = 379), and an analysis of the 100 first keywords, results showed a plan of the Democratic candidate to reinforce the role of public institutions but without interaction with the polarized electorate. In this sense, the strategies of the president-elect related to the promotion of political action, the call for unity, and the fight against the pandemic stood out. The frequent use of words with a positive attitude reveals how Biden avoided confrontation with Donald Trump.
In a scenario marked by COVID-19, communication has posed a real challenge for institutions. Since the first case of COVID-19, Spain has faced the enormous challenge of an unprecedented health, economic, and social crisis. The public sphere has put its trust in vaccination as the only chance for the country’s recovery. To determine the role played by political leaders in the debate on vaccination and citizens’ perception of crisis management, this article analyzes the messages posted on Twitter by the four leaders of the parties with the most representation in parliament: Pedro Sánchez (PSOE), Pablo Casado (PP), Santiago Abascal (Vox), and Yolanda Díaz (Podemos). Using a methodology for comparative content analysis on Twitter, a sample was established that began at the start of the vaccination process and inoculation with the first dose, and covered the entire year that followed. The research results, which contrasted with those collected in demographic surveys, reflected an increase in polarization and electoral use of the vaccine, which took precedence over the awareness-raising discourse typical of public campaigns.
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