Each part of Neem tree has various medicinal properties. Non woody part of Neem such as leaf, bark, oil, flowers, fruits and seed show great properties that is Antiallergic, Antifungal, Antibiotic, Antidermatic, Antibacterial, Antiinflammatory, Insecticidal, Larvicidal, Antimalarial, Antiulcer and other biological activities. 5 Some water soluble extract of Azadirachta Indica have great importance in hyperglycemia, hypolipidemia and hypotensive activities. 6 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF NEEM Neem has great Antimicrobial activity it contains 35 biological active compounds. Neem leaf juice and twigs are used to clean teeth and used as a tonic and people of India used to place Neem leaves in their beds, books and cupboards to prevent bugs. 7 A number of potent pharmaceutical compounds limnoods and triterpenoids have been isolated from the fruits and bark of neem tree. Neem extracts and its different constituents play essential role in the inhibition of several microbes which includes viruses, fungi and bacteria. The extracts of methanol and hexane chloroform of Azadirachta indica were selected against antibacterial activity on Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecalis. It was revealed that methanol extract was the most effective, chloroform reasonably effective and hexane extract showed little antibacterial activity. 8 The antibacterial activity of neem describes as fellow. Antibacterial action of neem Neem usually used in medicine and pharmaceutics. The stem and bark of Neem has great antibacterial activity against Klebsiella, Serratia species and Streptococcus. 9 The methanolic extracts of Neem has antibacterial activity against Vibrio cholera and chloroform extracts against E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecalis. 10 ABSTRACT Neem has become valuable plant in the world which shows the solutions for hundreds to thousands problems. Azadirachta indica (Neem) is a rapidly growing evergreen well known tree found Pada generally in various regions of world like America, Africa and India. It has been widely used in Chinese, Ayurveda and Unani medicines across the world especially in Asians countries for the prevention and treatment of diseases. The different parts of neem plant contain biological compounds responsible for antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. It is considered as safe medicinal plants and modulates the numerous biological processes without any adverse effect. Neem tree produces some active compounds which contain biological activities, parts of neem tree such as Root, bark, leaf, flower, seed and fruit together possesses biological activities. Various compounds have been obtained from various parts of neem. Biological activities of few of them have been studied. Hence, the article is aims to utilize the medicinal properties of whole neem plant in various disorders of mankind.
Potato tocosh is a naturally processed potato for nutritional and curative purposes from traditional Peruvian medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of tocosh flour (TF). For sub-acute toxicity, TF was administered orally to rats daily once a day for 28 days at doses of 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW). Animals were observed for general behaviors, mortality, body weight variations, and histological analysis. At the end of treatment, relative organ weights, histopathology, hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed. For acute toxicity, TF was administered orally to mice at doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg BW at a single dose in both sexes. Body weight, mortality, and clinical signs were observed for 14 days after treatment. The results of acute toxicity showed that the median lethal dose (LD50) value of TF is higher than 2000 g/kg BW but less than 5000 mg/Kg BW in mice. Death and toxicological symptoms were not found during the treatment. For sub-acute toxicity, we found that no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of TF in rats up to 1000 g/kg BW. There were statistically significant differences in body weight, and relative organ weight in the stomach and brain. No differences in hematological and biochemical parameters were observed when compared with the control group. For sub-acute toxicity, histopathological studies revealed minor abnormalities in liver and kidney tissues at doses of 5000 mg/Kg. Based on these results, TF is a traditional Peruvian medicine with high safety at up to 1000 mg/kg BW for 28 days in rats.
The present study is intended to get to know the levels of perimeter diurnal environmental noise of four hospitals in the city of Lima. The measurement mode used at each hospital was A-weighting, with an integration time of five minutes per recording. It was measured in the FAST mode with calibrations made at the beginning and end of the measurement day. Statistical analysis consisted of the mean comparison T test which was applied at all the hospitals considered in the study. At the four hospitals, at all the hours of measurement and both on working days and non-working days (Sunday), LAeq mean values are higher than 83 dBA. On working days, two periods of maximum noise from 08:00 to 10:00 in the morning and from 17:00 to 19:00 in the afternoon coincide with the start and end of working hours. The perimeter diurnal environmental noise levels determined at the vicinity of four hospitals show higher values in all cases to those established by the Peruvian National Environmental Standards for Noise for special protection areas both for working days and for non-working days. Noise that comes from the dense and disorganized traffic of Lima plays a fundamental role in this behaviour.
Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of four varieties of germinated seeds of Centenario, Cristalino, Oscar Blanco and Taray of Amaranthus caudatus L. compared to non-germinated seeds. Material and Methods: The determination of total phenols was carried out by using Folin-Ciocalteu, total flavonoids by the method of aluminum chloride and the antioxidant activity by the methods of DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. Results: Cristalino variety had the highest germination (3.0 cm of height) and all varieties had a 50% germination rate. Cristalino and Taray varieties had the highest content of total phenolics (GAE 32.92 and 35.00 mg/g sample), Cristalino variety had higher content of flavonoids (580.95 mg QE/g) (P < 0.05); Cristalino and Taray varieties showed greater scavenging activity of DPPH radical (151.85 and 151.38 mg TE/g sample), ABTS (178.09 and 180.18 mg TE/g sample); and reducing capacity of the ferric ion (FRAP) (132.75 and 136.42 mg TE/g of sample). Conclusion: Sprouts of Cristalino and Taray varieties had higher antioxidant activity than non-germinated seeds and they are directly related to higher content of total phenols and flavonoids.
Palabras clave: espesor óptico por aerosoles, patrones sinópticos, incendios forestales, red de monitoreo RESUMEN Con el objetivo de implementar una red de monitoreo de partículas (PM 10 ) en Perú, se realiza una investigación con ayuda del modelo de pronóstico e investigaciones sobre el tiempo, acoplado con el modelo de química atmosférica (WRF-CHEM, por sus siglas en inglés) para determinar el transporte y dispersión de dichas partículas, producidas por la quema de biomasa, ya sea en Perú o en regiones aledañas. Se tomaron los datos de emisiones del inventario de incendios del Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Atmosfé-ricas de Estados Unidos (NCAR, por sus siglas en inglés) y como base meteorológica, los datos de salida del modelo meteorológico "Sistema Global de Predicción" (GFS, por sus siglas en inglés). Se seleccionó el periodo junio-agosto de 2015. Se determinó que ocurrió un incremento progresivo del número de focos en la región, que originó un aumento, también progresivo, de las concentraciones de partículas sobre el territorio y particularmente sobre Perú. Se determinó que Perú es afectado por partículas generadas por incendios dentro del país y las provenientes desde países vecinos, principalmente desde Brasil y Bolivia. El análisis fotométrico registró un incremento progresivo del espesor óptico por aerosoles desde mediados de julio, siendo más notable en agosto, en correspondencia con el incremento de las concentraciones de PM 10 simuladas. De lo anterior se infiere la necesidad de establecer una red de monitoreo de concentraciones de PM 10 , principalmente en las regiones central y norte de Perú, dada la importancia de su control para la salud.Key words: aerosol optical depth, synoptic patterns, forest fires, monitoring network ABSTRACT This study is conducted with the objective to implement a PM 10 monitoring network in Peru. We employ the Weather Research and Forecasting -Chemistry model (WRF-CHEM) to determine the transport and dispersion of particles generated by biomass burning in Peru and neighboring countries. We used the fire emission inventory from NCAR and meteorological data from the Global Forecast System (GFS) model. The period June-August of 2015 was studied. A progressive increase of fire hotspots in the region was found, which originated an increase, also progressive, of particle concentrations over the region and especially over Peru. We determined that Peru is affected by Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie. 33
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