Exposure to high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid predisposes spermatozoa to lipid peroxidation, resulting in their decreased fertility. Ginger powder (GP), which is high in antioxidative compounds, was fed to aged breeder roosters to improve their reproductive performance. Seventy-five 52-wk-old Cobb 500 breeder roosters randomly received either 0 (GP0), 15 (GP15), or 30 (GP30) g of GP/kg of diet for 14 consecutive wk, during which time their seminal characteristics were evaluated every 2 wk. At the end of the trial, semen samples were tested for determination of sperm fatty acid (FA) concentration and seminal plasma total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, sperm penetration was assayed, and using 225 artificially inseminated hens, fertility and hatchability rates were determined. Dietary GP improved sperm forward motility, live sperm percentage, and sperm plasma membrane integrity. These were associated with a decrease in the percentage of abnormal sperm. The seminal TBA reactive species concentration was lower in birds belonging to the GP30 treatment in comparison with those in the GP15 and GP0 treatments. The feeding of GP resulted in overall decreases and increases in sperm saturated and unsaturated FA, respectively. The n-6:n-3 FA ratio of sperm was decreased in the GP30 group in comparison with controls. The highest levels of sperm C20:4(n-6) and C22:6(n-3) FA were recorded in the GP15 and GP30 treatments, respectively. A higher percentage of sperm C22:4(n-6) FA was found in GP-fed roosters. Seminal plasma total antioxidant capacity was considerably improved by the GP15 and GP30 treatments. Further, a higher number of perivitelline membrane sperm penetration holes was recorded for the GP30 treatment in comparison with the GP15 and GP0 treatments. Interestingly, although hatchability, chick quality, and embryonic mortality were not affected by dietary treatment, fertility rate was improved by the feeding of GP. In conclusion, dietary GP improved most of the seminal characteristics evaluated in aged roosters of this study, suggesting that it has potential for use in attenuating age-related subfertility in senescent male commercial broiler breeders.
The PUFA metabolism in broiler chicken was studied through the whole body fatty acid balance method. Four dietary lipid sources (palm fat, Palm; soyabean oil, Soya; linseed oil, Lin; fish oil, Fish) were added at 3 % to a basal diet containing 5 % palm fat. Diets were fed to female and male birds from day 1 to either day 21 or day 42 of age. Birds fed the Lin diet showed a significantly higher 18 : 2n-6 accumulation compared with the other diets (85·2 v. 73·6 % of net intake), whereas diet did not affect 18 : 3n-3 accumulation (mean 63 % of net intake). Bioconversion of 18 : 2n-6 significantly decreased in the order Palm . Lin . Soya . Fish (4·7, 3·9, 3·4 and 1 % of net intake, respectively). The 18 : 3n-3 bioconversion on the Palm and Soya diets was similar and significantly higher than in broilers on the Lin diet (9·1 v. 5·8 % of net intake). The b-oxidation of 18 : 2n-6 was significantly lower on the Lin diet than on the other diets (10·8 v. 23·3 % of net intake), whereas b-oxidation of 18 : 3n-3 was significantly higher on the Fish diet than on the other diets (41·5 v. 27·3 % of net intake). Feeding fish oil suppressed apparent elongase and desaturase activity, whereas a higher dietary supply of 18 : 3n-3 and 18 : 2n-6 enhanced apparent elongation and desaturation activity on the PUFA involved in the n-3 and n-6 pathway, respectively. Accumulation of 18 : 2n-6 and 18 : 3n-3 increased and b-oxidation decreased with age. Sex had a marginal effect on the PUFA metabolism.
1. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary fatty acid (FA) composition, age, and gender on the FA composition of different broiler anatomical compartments. Four dietary fat sources (palm fat, P; soybean oil, S; linseed oil, L; fish oil, F) were added to a wheat-soybean meal based diet at 30 g/kg in addition to 50 g/kg palm fat. Diets were fed separately to female and male birds from d 1 to either d 21 or d 42 of age. 2. The total FA content (mg/100 g tissue) and the FA composition (g/100 g FAME) was determined in 7 anatomical compartments (skinless thigh muscle, skinless breast muscle, liver, heart, brain, abdominal fat pad, and remainders plus carcase trimmings named Rest compartment). The FA profiles differed greatly among compartments and were strongly affected by diet. 3. The S diet resulted in a 2-3-fold increase of the proportion of C18:2n-6 and C20:4n-6 in all compartments compared to the other diets, except for brain. 4. The response in the proportion of C18:3n-3 following feeding the L diet was much greater, with 4-20-fold increases compared to the other diets, except again for brain. 5. In all compartments except brain, the L diet resulted in approximately a 2-fold increase in the proportion of C22:6n-3 compared to the P and S diets and smaller, but also significant, increases for C20:5n-3 and C22:5n-3. 6. The proportions of C20:5n-3, C22:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 were much higher on the F diet in all compartments, except for brain, compared to the P and S diets. The F diet resulted in higher proportions of C22:6n-3 than the proportions of C20:5n-3 and C22:5n-3 in breast and thigh meat, and liver, in contrast to the other diets. 7. Brain was less responsive than other tissues to changes in the dietary FA composition. The proportion of C22:6n-3 in brain was similar on the L and F diets. 8. The effect of gender on the FA composition of different anatomical compartments was marginal. The long-chain n-3 and n-6 PUFA in breast, liver, and brain decreased with age.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different dietary lipid sources, age and sex on the SFA and MUFA metabolism in broiler chickens using a whole body fatty acid balance method. Four dietary lipid sources (palm fat, Palm; soyabean oil, Soya; linseed oil, Lin; and fish oil, Fish) were added at 3 % to a basal diet containing 5 % Palm. Diets were fed to female and male chickens from day 1 to either day 21 or day 42 of age. The accumulation (percentage of net intake and ex novo production) of SFA and MUFA was significantly lower in broilers fed on Palm than in broilers fed on the other diets (85·7 v. 97·4 %). Conversely, b-oxidation was significantly higher in Palm-fed birds than the average of the other dietary treatments (14·3 v. 2·6 %). On average, 33·1 % of total SFA and MUFA accumulated in the body were elongated, and 13·8 % were D-9 desaturated to longer chain or more unsaturated metabolites, with lower proportions being elongated and desaturated for the Palm and Fish diets than for the Soya and Lin diets. Total in vivo apparent elongase activity decreased exponentially in relation to the net intake of SFA and MUFA, while it increased with age. Total in vivo apparent D-9 desaturase activity was not significantly affected by dietary treatment or age. Total ex novo production and b-oxidation of SFA and MUFA showed a negative and positive curvilinear relationship with net intake of SFA and MUFA, respectively. Sex had no effect on SFA and MUFA metabolism. Dietary SFA are associated with an increase in LDL and a decrease in HDL as a risk factor for CVD, obesity and associated disorders (1,2) . The current dietary recommendations for reducing the risk of CVD underline reducing SFA intake (mainly 16 : 0) by increasing MUFA (mainly 18 : 1n-9) in the diet (3) . The ratio of TAG:cholesterol in postprandial TAG-rich lipoprotein of healthy men is inversely correlated with the ratio of 18 : 1n-9 over 16 : 0 and with the MUFA:SFA ratio in dietary fat (3)
These studies were designed to determine the relative bioavailability and tolerance of tribasic Mn chloride (TBMC) for growing broiler chickens. In experiment 1, birds were fed a basal diet (starter, 102 ppm; grower, 209 ppm) or the basal diet supplemented with 3,600, 4,500, or 5,400 ppm Mn from either TBMC or manganese sulfate (MnSO(4)), and BW, feed intake, and plasma Mn were measured. In experiments 2 and 3, diets included the basal diet (45 and 43 ppm Mn, respectively) and the basal diet supplemented with graded levels of either TBMC or MnSO(4) ranging from 30 to 240 ppm Mn. Body weight and feed intake were measured and tibia, bile, and liver were collected for mineral analysis; heart samples were taken for manganese superoxide dismutase activity, protein, and relative mRNA abundance. In experiment 1, BW differed among treatments, with higher Mn leading to lower BW (P < 0.05). Birds from all treatments showed higher plasma Mn than birds fed the basal diet. Birds supplemented with the highest level of MnSO(4) had the highest level of plasma Mn (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, tibia and liver Mn increased with higher dietary Mn regardless of source (P < 0.05). Liver Mn increased up to the 60 ppm diets whereas Mn in the tibia was highest with the 130 ppm diets. Bile Mn increased with increasing dietary Mn, but these differences were not significant. In experiment 3, manganese superoxide dismutase activity, protein, and relative mRNA abundance were not affected by diet. The calculated bioavailabilities of TBMC and MnSO(4) did not differ significantly (P > 0.20). Together, these results indicate that TBMC is as effective as and better tolerated than MnSO(4) and that supplementing Mn at the lowest level used in this study may be sufficient for normal development of broiler chickens.
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