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Fresh-cut fruits have been in great demand by consumers owing to the convenience of buying them in shopping centers as ready-to-eat products, and various advantages, such as the fact that they are healthy and fresh products. However, their shelf lives are brief due to their physiological changes and maturation. Therefore, this review includes information from the physicochemical, microbiological, nutritional, and sensory points of view on the deterioration mechanisms of fresh-cut fruits. In addition, updated information is presented on the different emerging technologies, such as active packaging (edible films, coatings, and modified atmospheres), natural preservatives (antioxidants and antimicrobials), and physical treatments (high hydrostatic pressure, UV-C radiation, and ozone). The benefits and disadvantages of each of these technologies and the ease of their applications are discussed. Having alternatives to preserve fresh-cut fruit is essential both for the consumer and the merchant, since the consumer could then obtain a high-quality product maintaining all its properties without causing any damage, and the merchant would receive economic benefits by having more time to sell the product.

This study assesses the feasibility of using natural enemies for the control of Acanthoscelides obtectus Say and Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), key pests of stored dried beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabales: Fabaceae). The predatory mites Blattisocius tarsalis Berlese (Acari: Ascidae) and Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) were able to prey on A. obtectus eggs, reducing the bruchid population by more than 60% under both controlled and warehouse conditions. Therefore, they show good potential as biological agents for controlling this pest. The larval parasitoids Anisopteromalus calandrae Howard and Lariophagus distinguendus Förster (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) were both moderately effective (34-38% reduction) at suppressing A. obtectus populations, but when A. calandrae was combined with B. tarsalis, a significant improvement in control efficacy (81% reduction in emergence) was observed. Therefore, the release of A. calandrae combined with B. tarsalis seems to be a promising strategy for controlling A. obtectus. Neither B. tarsalis nor A. swirskii were able to prey on Z. subfasciatus eggs. Only the parasitoid A. calandrae was moderately effective (39% reduction) at supressing Z. subfasciatus populations. Further testing is needed to identify other natural enemies that can complement the action of A. calandrae in reducing Z. subfasciatus populations.

In this study, two predatory mites and two parasitoid wasps were evaluated for their effectiveness in controlling Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a common pest in stored chickpeas. The predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) preyed on the bruchid's eggs but did not consume a large amount; the mite Blattisocius tarsalis (Acari: Ascidae) did not consume C. chinensis eggs. However, the larval parasitoids Anisopteromalus calandrae and Lariophagus distinguendus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) were effective at reducing the bruchid's larval population, producing mortality rates above 90% in controlled conditions (28 ± 2ºC, 75 ± 5% relative humidity [RH]). In tubes of 20-cm diameter filled with 9 to 35 kg of chickpeas, both parasitoids were able to parasitize the host at depths of 40, 100, and 150 cm, even when larvae were offered simultaneously at all depths. This indicates that parasitoids will probably be able to locate hosts at least at 150 cm of distance in a storage facility. A. calandrae was similarly effective at reducing the bruchid population at different parasitoidto-host ratios (1:7, 1:15, 1:30, and 1:60). Moreover, A. calandrae efficiently reduced C. chinensis populations when released in 25-kg commercial polypropylene bags of chickpeas in simulated warehouse conditions (27 ± 2ºC and 65 ± 4% RH). This is the first time that A. calandrae and L. distinguendus are shown to be effective biological control agents for the integrated management of C. chinensis in stored chickpeas and can be an alternative to the application of pesticides for maintaining low bruchid population levels.

The availability of water and nitrogen in the soil affect the metabolism of onion bulbs. The synthesis of metabolites and bioactive compounds are the most affected, along with the quality of the onion bulbs However, it is necessary to know the effects of different water levels and nitrogen fertilization to optimize the quality of the onion. The objective of this research was to study the effects of the different conditions of hydric stress and nitrogen fertilization during the development of onion (Allium cepa L.) crop, regarding its physicochemical and bioactive properties. Onions were grown using four available irrigation regimes (25, 50, 75 and 100%) and four doses of nitrogen fertilization (100, 150, 200 and 250 kg N ha−1). Onion without any treatment was considered as a control. The treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilization increased the pH level (5.7 to 5.9) and bulb coloration in bright white/yellowish tones. An increase was observed compared to control in titratable acidity (0.13%) just in the nitrogen content, ascorbic acid (46%) and antioxidant capacity with DPPH (12.3%) and ABTS (93.7%). A decrease was shown in soluble solids (14.6%), firmness (3.5 kg cm−2), dry matter (6.6%), total phenols (50%) and FRAP (33.2%) values. Pyruvic acid remained constant (1.5 µmol g−1 FW). The onion bulb extracts showed an erythroprotective effect with a hemolysis inhibition percentage higher than 95%. Finally, the onions had low pungency, and were soft and extra sweet. The treatments with 25% usable humidity and nitrogen fertilization of 150 and 250 kg ha−1, favored the physical, chemical and bioactive quality of the onion bulb.

The objective of this work was to release bound phenolic compounds (PC) from chickpea by the interaction of the microbiota of a volunteer and to identify the enzymes implied to deliver these PC. The highest amount of PC was released at 12 and 24 h (16.8-18.5 mg GAE/g). Higher antioxidant capacity was observed in these hours through 2,20-azino-bis-(3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power and 2,´2.Azobis (2 methylpropionamidine) techniques. Escherichia, Klebsiella, Bacteroides and Veillonella were some genera identified in the microbiota implied in delivered PC. The principal PC identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were flavonoids. Proteomic analysis identified hundreds of proteins from the intestinal microbiota after 12 h of fermentation, including enzymes related to the release of bound PC from chickpea such as pectin esterase. Therefore, this enzyme could be used in other food sources for the release of PC bound to the food matrix and thus take advantage of their bioactive benefits.

We investigated the efficacy of two types of modified atmospheres (MA) against adults of the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts, and the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, under laboratory conditions. Adults of the above species on wheat were exposed to a carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration of 70% or a low oxygen (O2) concentration of 0.1% for durations of 0.67 (16 h), 1, 2, 4, and 6 d and stored in an environmental chamber set at 28 ± 2°C, 70 ± 5% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. After each exposure interval, immediate mortality and knockdown were recorded, and the surviving or knocked down individuals were transferred to normal atmospheres and returned to the environmental chamber, where survival was recorded 7 d later. In addition, after the immediate and delayed mortality counts, all adults were removed from the substrate, and the number of progeny produced was recorded 60 d later. Both MA conditions totally controlled (100% mortality) the adults of T. granarium and S. zeamais immediately after a 6-d exposure or after a 4-d exposure when delayed mortality was taken into account, showing the postexposure effect of the MA. Moreover, high CO2 was more effective than low O2 for S. zeamais, whereas the reverse was true for T. granarium. The 4-d exposure period was crucial for the production of progeny of both species because after that period surviving insects did not produce offspring. Our results show that both MA conditions can be used with success to control these species.

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