The extrusion process (EP) consists of heat and mechanical treatments under different conditions of moisture, shear, and pressure and rapidly causes structural alterations and changes in the functional properties of the extruded material. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extrusion conditions and optimize the wheat bran extrusion conditions to achieve the greatest content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity using response surface methodology. The EP factors evaluated were feed moisture (FM) (25-33.54%) and final extrusion temperature (T) (140-180 °C). The properties evaluated in the extruded material were bound total phenol content (BTPC), total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (AOX). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and response surface methodology were used in the evaluation. The determination coefficients, (FM) and (T), very significantly affected the BTPC and bound 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl content (BDPPHC). The optimization was performed by overlaying two contour plots to predict the best combination regions. The optimized extrusion conditions were the following: FM = 30% and T = 140 °C, which provided BTPC = 3547.01 μgGAE/g (predicted: 3589.3 μgGAE/g) and BDPPHC = 9.5 μmolTE/g (predicted: 10.4 μmolTE/g); and FM = 30% and T = 180 °C, which provided BTPC = 3342.3 μgGAE/g (predicted: 3727.7 μgGAE/g) and BDPPHC = 9.5 μmolTE/g (predicted: 9.3 μmolTE/g). The EP increased the phenolic compounds and AOX, and enhancement of these properties in wheat bran products could make them functional foods.
The objective of this work was to release bound phenolic compounds (PC) from chickpea by the interaction of the microbiota of a volunteer and to identify the enzymes implied to deliver these PC. The highest amount of PC was released at 12 and 24 h (16.8-18.5 mg GAE/g). Higher antioxidant capacity was observed in these hours through 2,20-azino-bis-(3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power and 2,´2.Azobis (2 methylpropionamidine) techniques. Escherichia, Klebsiella, Bacteroides and Veillonella were some genera identified in the microbiota implied in delivered PC. The principal PC identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were flavonoids. Proteomic analysis identified hundreds of proteins from the intestinal microbiota after 12 h of fermentation, including enzymes related to the release of bound PC from chickpea such as pectin esterase. Therefore, this enzyme could be used in other food sources for the release of PC bound to the food matrix and thus take advantage of their bioactive benefits.
Los Centros de Desarrollo Infantil se caracterizan por la atención multidisciplinaria a la población infantil, sector particularmente susceptible a enfermar de las vías respiratorias por la presencia de microorganismos fúngicos que se dispersan por las corrientes de aire entre los espacios donde se encuentran los usuarios. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la concentración fúngica del aire interior del Centro de Desarrollo Infantil de la Universidad de Sonora, la identificación taxonómica de los microhongos recolectados y la descripción de su posible patogenicidad para la salud humana. Se obtuvieron entre los días del 2 al 27 de mayo 89 muestras de 17 sitios donde concurren los menores de edad y un punto testigo. Se realizaron muestreos estáticos a un metro de altura, utilizando un equipo SAS SUPER 100 y la sedimentación en placa de Petri con medio de cultivo Agar Sabouraud. Por la técnica de impronta se identificaron 14 géneros fúngicos, entre los predominantes están Cladosporium spp., Aspergillus spp. y Penicillium spp., con presencia de 31%, 26% y 16%, respectivamente. La concentración fúngica más alta que se detectó fue de 53 UFC/m3, valor inferior al considerado peligroso por diversas instituciones gubernamentales alrededor del mundo. No obstante, se identificaron especies de interés clínico del género Aspergillus, predominando en todos los sitios A. niger, seguido por A. ochraceus, A. flavus, A. versicolor y A. fumigatus.
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