Faced with unresponsive and intimidating bureaucracies, citizens across particularly the global south regularly rely on intermediaries to gain access to public services. Focusing on how such brokers arrange access to health care in Indonesia, this essay discusses the impact of brokered state-citizen interaction on the character and experience of citizenship. On the basis of extensive fieldwork in both urban and rural Java we argue that brokers not only enable the realization of citizen rights, they also transform the experience and interpretation of these rights. Brokers 'vernacularize' citizenship, in the sense that citizenship comes to be experienced and interpreted not just in terms of a formal relationship with a national state, but also in terms of the character of personal relationships and attendant obligations that exist between citizens, brokers and power holders.
BackgroundIndonesia introduced a universal National Health Insurance (NHI) programmeJaminan Kesehatan Nasional(JKN) in 2014. However, challenges in timely consultation and access to health services resulted in the introduction of formal and informal patient navigation initiatives which facilitates access for patients. Informal patient navigation may emerge from the gaps in the services of the formal patient navigation. This study assesses how threeinformalnon-government patient navigation initiatives emerged, are organised, operate and interact with JKN authorities to enhance patient empowerment and JKN responsiveness.MethodsThis was a qualitative study comprising of document review, semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and direct observations at JKN-contracted health facilities. Data was analysed deductively and inductively using Molyneuxet al’s accountability assessment framework to assess context, content, and process of the informal patient navigation initiatives.ResultsOur study found that informal patient navigation initiatives bridge a gap left by formal navigation initiatives. The navigators help spread awareness among patients of their benefits and entitlements and assist patients to communicate with health providers and authorities. However, we find limited effects on people’s ability to navigate the system themselves, on systemic change, or on JKN responsiveness.ConclusionWe may know that when access to health services is challenged then formal or informal patient navigation initiatives to facilitate access for patients may emerge. What this study adds is how informal patient navigation bridge a gap left by formal navigation initiatives, from how they are organized, operate and interact with the NHI authorities. We demonstrate that in the absence of well-functioning formal navigation initiatives, the informal initiatives may fill a critical gap. However, their efforts are time intensive and do not translate across the population. What is implied here is that more is required from JKN authorities to enhance interaction with informal patient navigation to advance systemic change toward equitable access to NHI.
High positivity rate of COVID-19 in Indonesia leads to the creation of government policies to limit human mobility. One of the sectors most affected by these policies is the tourism sector. In 2019, tourism sector contributed approximately US$ 15 billion. However, income from this sector has fallen by up to 90% due to the sharp decrease of tourist arrivals during the pandemic. One of the tourism sectors that has experienced a significant impact due to COVID-19 is community based tourism especially water-based tourism. This study examines adaptation policies taken by the community-based tourism sector, namely Umbul Ponggok and Tawangmangu in response to the pandemic. In this research, we adopt the IPCC definition of climate adaptation. IPCC defines adaptation as special acts, systematic change, as well as institutional reform induced by the volatility of climate. We are particularly interested in how community-based tourism sector restructures and reorganizes its operation and how they mobilises local community to support its adaptation policies. We conclude that, similar to Tompkins and Adger (2004) account on adaptation policy, adaptive capacity can vary between regions and even households. Therefore, adaptation policies require strategies and management approaches that are flexible and inclusive and consider the varied characters of communities and individuals.
The article aims to analyze the complexity of financial accountability initiatives at the local level during the Covid-19 pandemics. Research on government accountability during Covid-19 shows how covid-19 have laid bare the fragility of governance process in various countries including Indonesia. The pandemic reveals how several governments do not have sufficient accountability measures in handling critical times. One worthy cause of government lackluster accountability stems from the emergency nature of the Covid-19 pandemic in which governments immediately create short time policies to reduce the spread of Covid-19 on the expense of accountability measures. Our case study is derived from the experience of two local governments in Indonesia and is illustrative to show the weak coordination mechanism to ensure financial accountability during Covid-19 pandemic. We find that local governments have different mechanisms and capacities to conduct financial accountability measures. In place with larger administrative capacity, the financial accountability mechanism involves more mitigation process which eventually leads to more scrutiny and accountability. In contrast, those with lower administrative capacity and more political fragmentation faces challenges to enforce financial accountability measures due to low coordination among local government units. Received: 16 November 2022 / Accepted: 31 December 2022 / Published: 5 January 2023
<p>The impacts of the Covid19 pandemic are not only limited to the health sector. It also affects economic growth and more importantly our social fabrics. Due to its extensive impacts, governments especially in low-middle-income countries are facing tremendous challenges in mitigating covid19. In Indonesia, the government’s efforts in mitigating the impact of covid19 have been criticized for being inadequate, ineffective, and too late. The number of covid19 victims has surpassed 70,000 cases and economic growth is contracted significantly. One important element of the government’s effort during the pandemic is mobilizing social capital to support the government’s efforts. Theoretically, community-based activities and mobilization of social capital during outbreaks are positive attributes. The emergence of volunteers and mutual aid initiatives are generally considered good examples of social capital mobilization. However, this article highlights a different angle to the relationship between social capital, community-based resource mobilization, and the pandemic. Looking at the implementation of the Jogo Tonggo program in Central Java, we argue that state mobilization does not always lead to positive resource mobilization in coping with the impact of covid19. We employ discourse network analysis to examine the implementation of the Jogo Tonggo program through news from a local newspaper in Central Java. From our research, we argue that despite the ambitious vision of Jogo Tonggo, it does not appear to be the main discourse at the societal level. Moreover, much of the implementation of the Jogo Tonggo program is top-down and does not invoke a deep level of participation from the community.</p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong>social capital, resiliency, covid19, Jogo tonggo</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Dampak pandemi covid19 tidak hanya terbatas pada sektor kesehatan, tetapi juga mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi dan yang lebih penting adalah tatanan sosial kita. Karena dampaknya yang luas, pemerintah terutama di negara berpenghasilan menengah ke bawah menghadapi tantangan yang luar biasa dalam menanggulangi COVID19. Di Indonesia misalnya, upaya pemerintah dalam menanggulangi dampak Covid19 dikritik karena kurang memadai, tidak efektif dan terlambat. Jumlah korban covid19 telah melampaui 70.000 kasus dan pertumbuhan ekonomi menurun secara signifikan. Salah satu elemen penting dari upaya pemerintah selama pandemi adalah memobilisasi komunitas untuk mendukung upaya pemerintah. Secara teoritis aktivitas berbasis komunitas dan mobilisasi modal sosial selama wabah adalah atribut positif. Munculnya relawan dan inisiatif gotong royong umumnya dianggap sebagai contoh yang baik dari mobilisasi modal sosial. Namun, artikel ini menyoroti sudut pandang yang berbeda tentang hubungan antara modal sosial, mobilisasi sumber daya berbasis komunitas, dan pandemi. Melihat implementasi program Jogo Tonggo di Jawa Tengah, kami berpendapat bahwa mobilisasi negara tidak selalu mengarah pada mobilisasi sumber daya yang positif dalam mengatasi dampak COVID-19. Kami menggunakan <em>discourse analysis network</em> (DNA) untuk mengkaji implementasi program Jogo Tonggo melalui berita dari koran lokal di Jawa Tengah. Dari penelitian kami, kami berpendapat bahwa terlepas dari visi Jogo Tonggo yang ambisius, program ini tampaknya tidak menjadi wacana utama di tingkat masyarakat. Terlebih lagi, banyak pelaksanaan program Jogo Tonggo yang <em>top down</em> dan tidak melibatkan partisipasi masyarakat.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Kata Kunci:</strong> modal sosial, ketahanan, covid19, jogo tonggo <em></em></p>
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