ABSTRACT. Ten SSR loci, previously developed for Prunus, were analyzed to examine genetic relationships among 23 rootstock candidates for sweet and sour cherries, of the species P. avium, P. cerasus, P. mahaleb, and P. angustifolia. Five genotypes of P. laurocerasus, not used as rootstock, were included in the molecular analysis. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 8 to 12, with a mean of 9, while the number of microsatellite genotypes varied from 8 to 17, indicating that the SSRs were highly informative. The degree of heterozygosity (0.61) was high. Clustering analysis resulted in two main clusters. The first cluster was divided into two subclusters; the first subcluster consisted of P. avium and P. cerasus, and the second subcluster consisted of P. laurocerasus. The second cluster was divided into two subclusters. The first subcluster consisted of P. mahaleb genotypes and the second consisted of P. angustifolia genotypes. The reference rootstocks also clustered with their associated botanical species. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean analysis demonstrated that P. laurocerasus 2157 ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 9 (4): 2156-2165 (2010) SSR analysis in Prunus rootstocks genotypes had less genetic variation and that P. avium genotypes were more closely related to P. cerasus. The SSR-based phylogeny was generally consistent with Prunus taxonomy information, suggesting the applicability of SSR analysis for genotyping and phylogenetic studies in the genus Prunus.

The effects of compression in different axes and speeds on mechanical properties and selected geometric properties of almond cultivars were investigated. The average sphericity, volume and surface area ranged from 60.5 to 71.1%; 3.52 to 3.81 cm 3 and 0.60 to 0.61 cm 2 for almond cultivars. The greatest and least rupture force of almond were obtained along the X and Z axes for each cultivar. The results indicated that the effects of compression along the axis and speed on the rupture force were highly dependent on almond cultivars. Selected mechanical properties were affected by geometric and mechanical parameters of almond cultivars.

Sweet cherries can be grafted on a wide range of rootstocks belonging to Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus, Prunus mahaleb, Prunus angustifolia or hybrids of different Prunus species. Identification of Prunus rootstocks using morphological traits is almost impossible particularly during the dormant season. However, molecular analysis carried out on actively growing shoot tips, leaves or dormant buds provides good opportunity to reliably distinguish rootstocks. In this study, DNA was extracted from the leaves of a total of 184 sweet cherry rootstock candidates belonging to P. avium L., P. cerasus L., P. mahaleb L. and P. angustifolia L. previously selected from the north-western part of Turkey. The rootstock candidates were tested with ten simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers, developed for the Prunus genus. The primers successfully identified all rootstock candidates. The results showed that the number of alleles per locus ranged from 10 (UDAp-401, UCD-CH21 and CPSCT010) to 20 (UCD-CH31) with an average of 13.3 alleles per locus, indicating that the SSRs were highly informative. Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic mean analysis demonstrated that P. avium accessions are closely related to P. cerasus. The reference rootstocks were clustered with their associated botanical species.

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The use of rootstocks particularly for sweet cherry cultivars is of great importance for successful and sustainable production. Choosing the right cherry rootstocks is just as important as choosing the right cultivar. In this study, 110 sweet cherry, 30 sour cherry, and 41 mahaleb types displaying rootstock potential for sweet cherry cultivars were selected from Central and East Black Sea Regions in Turkey. The morphologic characteristics of the studied genotypes were compared with the standard clonal rootstocks PHL-A, MaxMa 14, Montmorency, Weiroot 158, Gisela 5, Gisela 6, and SL 64. A total of 42 morphological UPOV characteristics were evaluated in the selected genotypes and clonal rootstocks. The obtained data were analyzed by using principal component analysis and it revealed that eigenvalues of the first 3 components were able to represent 36.43% of total variance. The most significant positive correlations of the plant vigor were determined with leaf blade length and petiole thickness. According to the diversity analysis of coefficients, the 05 C 002 and 08 C 039 genotypes were identified as being similar (6.66), while the 05 C 002 and 55 S 012 genotypes were determined as the most distant genotypes (325.84) in terms of morphology.

This study was conducted to determine fatty acid composition in seed oils of four rose hips genotypes (Rosa canina L.), one Rosa montana L., one elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) and guelder rose genotypes (Wiburnum opulus L.) growing in Tokat ecological conditions. As such, fatty acid contents were determined by GC. According to the findings, the amount and kinds of fatty acid contents in all fruit varieties and genotypes showed significant differences. It was determined that oleic acid and linoleic acid levels of all genotypes varied from 5,784 to 51,740% and 6,228 to 43,210%, respectively. In addition, it was determined by the findings of this study that palmitic acid and docosaheksaenoic acid (DHA) of these genotypes were similarly found as 1.183 to 7.702%, but no linolenic acid (ω-3) was found in some genotypes. Thus, linoleic acid level of Ar-11 genotype was higher (43.210%) than the others.

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