A few studies have shown that serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level in post-stroke depression is highly correlated with memory and neuropsychiatric disturbances. Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the relationship of serum BDNF, malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-Hydroxy 2-Deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG) levels in acute stroke cases with one-month post-stroke depression. Methods: An observational study was conducted of 72 post-ischemic stroke patients in the Neurology ward of the Dr. M. Djamil Hospital, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Acute stroke (< 48 hours) serum BDNF, MDA, and 8-OhdG levels were measured using ELISA. Based on observations using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale conducted one month after stroke, respondents were divided into two groups: with and without depression. The mean serum level was analyzed using the t-test and Mann-Whitney test, while differences in basic characteristics were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Multivariate analysis was conducted to determine the most significant factor associated with post-stroke depression. The error rate was set at 5%. Results: BDNF levels in acute stroke were significantly lower in the depression group than in the non-depression group (p < 0.05). MDA and 8-OhdG levels in acute stroke were higher in the depression group (p < 0.05). BDNF level during acute stroke was negatively correlated with post-stroke depression, while, conversely, acute stroke MDA and 8-OhdG levels were positively correlated with depression. Conclusion: BDNF had a negative correlation, while MDA and 8-OhdG had a positive correlation, with depression one-month post-stroke. 8-OhdG was the most influential factor in post-stroke depression.
<p><em>Headache is one of the most common symtomps which cause patients consult a neurologist. Primary headache is headache without other underlying diseases. Primary headaches can be divided into migraine headaches, tension</em><em> </em><em>types-headache, trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, and other types of headaches. Sex differences play a role in the perception of headache. Theories regarding hormonal, the number of pain-sensitive points, subjectivity, and psychosocial factors are mostly related to the differences of migraine and TTH pathophysiology between women and men.</em></p>
Tension-Type Headache (TTH) headache is a type of primary headache which mostly complained by patients. The pain often ignored due to low mortality rates. Inadequate management makes the pain becoming chronic and causing a high disability rate. Many factors involved in transforming infrequent tension-type headache to chronic tension-type headache. A deeper understanding of the immune system's role in the pathophysiological process and modulation of chronic pain could be a potential target for developing therapies in managing chronic pain.Keywords: chronic tension-type headache, immunology aspect, pathophysiology
<p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>Primary headache is the most common complain</em><em>t</em><em> found in adolescents. Primary headache can be triggered by several factors, one of them is bad sleep quality. Both are the most experienced problems in adolescents </em><em>which</em><em> can decrease academic</em><em> </em><em>and non-academic</em><em> productivity</em><em> in schools. The aim of this study was to detemine the </em><em>association</em><em> between sleep quality and primary headache in students of SMA Negeri 1 Padang. This study was analytic study with cross sectional design. The sampling was done by purposive sampling technique and obtained 90 sampels. The diagnosis of primary headache </em><em>was</em><em> based on the headahe consensus of PERDOSSI 2018 which </em><em>was </em><em>corresponding with 3rd Edition of International Classification of Headache Disorder (Beta version). The data of sleep quality was collected by using The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. The data was analyzed by using Chi-Square test. The results showed that the majority of respondents were women (70%). The most common sleep quality was poor (67,8%). The most common type of headache </em><em>was</em><em> tension-type headache (78,9%). There was a significant relationship between sleep quality and the type of primary headache</em><em>, which</em><em> is tension type headache with moderate correlation (p <0.001 and r = 0.454)</em><em> </em><em>and migraine with low correlation (p=0,022 and r=0,311). </em><em>I</em><em>t can be concluded </em><em>from</em><em> this study</em><em> </em><em>that bad sleep quality will increase the probability of suffering primary headache</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Sleep quality, primary headache, adolescents</em></p><p align="left"><em> </em></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong><strong></strong></p><p>Nyeri kepala primer merupakan keluhan yang sering dijumpai pada remaja. Nyeri kepala primer dipicu oleh beberapa faktor, salah satunya adalah kualitas tidur yang buruk. Keduanya merupakan masalah yang sering dialami remaja yang dapat menurunkan produktivitas akademik dan non-akademik di sekolah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat hubungan antara kualitas tidur dengan nyeri kepala primer pada siswa-siswi SMA Negeri 1 Padang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian analitik dengan desain cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling dan didapatkan sampel sebanyak 90 sampel. Diagnosis nyeri kepala primer berdasarkan konsensus nyeri kepala PERDOSSI tahun 2018 yang sesuai dengan International Classification of Headache Disorder Edisi 3 (versi beta). Data kualitas tidur dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Analisis data menggunakan uji Chi-Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebagian besar responden adalah perempuan (70%). Kualitas tidur terbanyak yaitu buruk (67,8%). Jenis nyeri kepala primer terbanyak adalah nyeri kepala tipe tegang (78,9%). Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kualitas tidur dengan jenis nyeri kepala primer yaitu nyeri kepala tipe tegang dengan korelasi sedang (p<0,001 dan r= 0,454) dan migrain dengan korelasi lemah (p=0,022 dan r=0,311). Berdasarkan penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa kualitas tidur buruk akan meningkatkan kemungkinan mengalami nyeri kepala primer.</p><p><strong>K</strong><strong>ata kunci</strong><strong>: </strong>Kualitas tidur, nyeri kepala primer, remaja</p>
<p><em>T</em><em>e</em><em>n</em><em>s</em><em>i</em><em>on type headache is the most common primary headache. Tension type headache can be triggered</em><em> by</em><em> anxiety. Anxiety often occurs in medical students, especially in new students. The aim of this study </em><em>was</em><em> </em><em>t</em><em>o determine the </em><em>correlation</em><em> between anxiety and tension-type headache among medical students batch 2019 in Andalas University.</em><em> </em><em>This </em><em>was an</em><em> </em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>a</em><em>l</em><em>y</em><em>t</em><em>i</em><em>c study using cross-sectional</em><em> design</em><em>. Sampling was done by stratified random sampling technique and </em><em>we </em><em>obtained sample </em><em>from</em><em> </em><em>79 respondents. Headache diagnosis </em><em>was</em><em> based on the consensus of PERDOSSI 2018 which in accordance with International Classification of Headache Disorder 3<sup>rd</sup> Edition (Beta version). Anxiety </em><em>was</em><em> diagnosed by using</em><em> Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety questionnaire that had been validated. </em><em>The correlation </em><em>between variabels was analyzed using Spearman Rho test.</em><em> </em><em>T</em><em>h</em><em>e results of univariate analysis showed that the majority of respondent were women (69,6%). The </em><em>most common</em><em> </em><em>anxiety </em><em>category was</em><em> mild anxiety (57%). The most</em><em> common</em><em> </em><em>t</em><em>e</em><em>n</em><em>s</em><em>i</em><em>on-type headache</em><em> type</em><em> </em><em>was</em><em> </em><em>i</em><em>n</em><em>f</em><em>r</em><em>e</em><em>quent type (62%). The results of bivariate analysis showed 8 sample (34,8%) </em><em>which</em><em> </em><em>e</em><em>x</em><em>perienced moderate-severe anxiety had infrequent tension-type headache and 41 samples (73,2 %) </em><em>which </em><em>e</em><em>x</em><em>perienced mild anxiety also had infrequent tension type headache. This study showed that anxiety was positively correlated with tension-type headache (r=0,327 p=0.003)</em></p>
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