Iron has been important in human civilization since the abandonment of stone tools. The traditional technology of iron ore smelting in Indonesia has been known for hundreds of years, but research on the local traditional iron industry is still very minimal. This study aims to explain the iron industry in the southeast Kalimantan before modern times until the present using ethnohistory and experimental archaeological approaches. The research conducted in 2017-2019 at the upstream of Barito watershed, North Barito Regency, Central Kalimantan, has found 19 sites with the findings were furnaces, air pipes, iron ore fragments, charcoal, and slag. The traditional iron-making began with the process of mining, followed by iron ore smelting and forging. The archaeological experiments by smelting furnace produced the raw iron by a percentage of 40-60% from ore. The experiments produced the ingots with Fe content of about 80% (XRF analysis) and showed good ore quality. However, since the early 20th century the iron-making industry has been abandoned because of the arrivals of cheaper iron from China. Recently, the remaining iron industry consists of only the blacksmiths who produce agricultural equipment from scrap iron, some only gild to sharpen machetes and ‘mandau’.
Pada ekskavasi arkeologi di situs Benteng Tabanio yang dilakukan oleh Balai Arkeologi Banjarmasin ditemukan berbagai artefak dan ekofak. Ekofak yang banyak ditemukan adalah cangkang moluska. Namun demikian, cangkang moluska hasil penelitian tersebut belum diidentifikasi secara taksonomis. Pelabelan koleksi ditulis sebagai kerang, cangkang kerang, atau fragmen cangkang kerang, padahal dalam koleksi tersebut terdapat cangkang moluska bivalvia dan cangkang gastropoda. Kerancuan identitas ini berakibat pada kesalahan informasi. Pada penelitian ekskavasi situs Benteng Tabanio, tinggalan ekofaktual moluska bivalvia belum dibahas secara komperehensif. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk memahami keberadaan cangkang moluska bivalvia di situs Benteng Tabanio. Identifikasi 101 sampel cangkang marin dilakukan sampai dengan tingkat genus atau spesies dilakukan menggunakan analisis komparasi morfologi dengan cangkang bivalvia marin yang didapatkan di luar zona situs. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat empat ordo dengan tujuh famili dan empat belas genera atau spesies yang dapat diidentifikasi. Keempat belas genera atau spesies tersebut dapat dikonsumsi, tetapi sisa-sisa cangkang yang ditemukan di situs Benteng Tabanio menunjukkan tidak adanya pemanfaatan moluska bivalvia sebagai bahan pangan ataupun bahan bangunan.A variety of artefacts and ecofacts was found during the excavation of Tabanio Fort by the Banjarmasin Institute for Archaeology. The most common ecofacts found were mollusc shells. However, the mollusc shells collected from the excavation have not been taxonomically identified. Even though the collection contains shells of bivalve molluscs and gastropods, the collection labelling was written as shells, clam shells, or clam shell fragments. Such ambiguous identity results in misinformation. The bivalve mollusc ecofacts recovered from the Tabanio Fort have not been comprehensively discussed. This research aims to understand the presence of bivalve mollusc shells at the site of Tabanio Fort. The identification of 101 marine shells was carried out up to the genus or species level by using comparative morphological analysis with marine bivalve shells obtained beyond the site zone. The research identified four orders, including seven families and fourteen genera or species of bivalve shells. The fourteen identified genera or species are of edible varieties, but shell remains recovered from the Tabanio Fort site indicate no use of bivalve molluscs as food or building materials.
Sumur Putaran adalah istilah lokal dari suatu bangunan bata, bagian dari konstruksi tambang batu bara Oranje Nassau, di Desa Pengaron. Sebagian bangunan dari Sumur Putaran rusak oleh alam dan agen manusia, dan batu bata yang tersingkap menunjukkan berbagai jenis pemasangan batu bata. Korelasi antara jenis pemasangan batu bata dan arsitekturnya menarik dan belum diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi fungsi dari berbagai jenis pemasangan batu bata di Sumur Putaran dan hubungannya dengan konstruksi tambang batu bara bawah tanah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan penalaran induktif dan pendekatan deskriptif-komparatif. Data primer yang dikumpulkan dari lapangan dijelaskan dan dibandingkan dengan data sekunder dari studi literatur. Kesimpulannya adalah bahwa teknik pemasangan batu bata dari Oranje Nassau memiliki fungsi struktural dan visual.
Kuta Bataguh is administratively located in Bataguh and East Kapuas Districts, Kapuas Regency, Kalimantan Tengah. The research aims to reconstruct the characteristics of Kuta Bataguh. This research is using interpretive-descriptive method with the inductive reasoning. Data collection used surveys, excavations, interviews, and literature study. The analysis included environmental, stratigraphic, artifactual, spatial, and absolute dating analysis. Survey (surface and aerial) and excavation activities were carried out inside and outside the fence, both downstream and upstream of the Karinyau River. The results illustrate that the characteristics of Kuta Bataguh are a large permanent settlement that is split by a river. The fortified settlement of Kuta Bataguh was the leader residence of Ngaju community group (as the center of power). By referring to the pattern, function and extent of this settlement, it can be assumed that the local authorities in Bataguh are on par with early state in their socio-political organization.
Partisipasi dalam kegiatan pelestarian tinggalan arkeologi bisa dilakukan oleh siapa saja, termasuk masyarakat. Namun yang lebih penting dari semua itu adalah partisipasi yang tepat dan tidak akan menimbulkan masalah baru. Penelitian di Tanjungredeb ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kegiatan pelestarian, pandangan setiap pemangku kepentingan tinggalan arkeologi, dan dampaknya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumen. Analisisnya dilakukan dengancara menyusun dan mengklasifikasikan data untuk menemukan pola atau tema, agar dapat dipahami maknanya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada upaya pelestarian tinggalan arkeologi di lokasi penelitian yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah dan masyarakat. Namun demikian, sebagian praktik pelestarian itu tidak sesuai dengan regulasi yang telah ditetapkan, yaitu Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia nomor 11 tahun 2010 tentang Cagar Budaya. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pihak yang berkepentingan dengan tinggalan arkeologi harus segera turun tangan untuk menginformasikan cara pelestarian yang benar. Selain itu, dianggap perlu mengubah cara pandang pelestarian yang belum tepat agar dapat mencegah timbulnya masalah baru di masa depan. Participating in an archaeological heritage preservation can be done by anyone, including the community. However, the most important aspect is appropriate participation that will not cause new problems. The study in Tanjungredeb aimed to find out how the preservation operates, to understand the perspective of each archeological stakeholder, and the impact. This research used a descriptive-analytic method with a qualitative approach. Data collection was done by observations, interviews, and document studies. The analysis was conducted by compiling and classifying data to find patterns or themes; thus, their meaning can be understood. Results of the study indicate that there were efforts to preserve archeological remains in the study areas by governments and the communities. However, some preservation practises do not comply with the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia number 11 of 2010 concerning Cultural Heritage. Therefore, it can be concluded that the parties concerned with archeological remains must immediately mediate to inform the correct method of preservation. Also, it is necessary to change imprecise perspectives of preservation to prevent new problematic matters in the future.
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