A study was performed to evaluate the pH and the availability of Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Ni in soil amended with increasing doses of composted solid wastes, collected in Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State and in Coimbra, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The influence of the time elapsed between compost application to the soil and the sampling of the plant growth substrate (soil + compost) for pH and metal availability analyses was also examined. The availability of heavy metals in the soil, in the compost and in the substrate was evaluated using DTPA solution for metal extraction. The increase of the compost doses added to the soil resulted in the increase of the pH in the substrate. The addition of the compost from the bigger city, Rio de Janeiro, resulted in higher increase in soil pH and available Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni levels as compared to the addition of the compost from the smaller city, Coimbra. Increasing the time elapsed between the compost application to the soil and the sampling of the mixture resulted in higher available Zn, Cu, Mn, and Pb levels. The addition of the compost from Rio de Janeiro resulted in substrate metal concentrations in the order Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu > Mn and for the Coimbra compost the metal concentrations in the substrate was Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Mn. The higher values of pH and available metals obtained for the bigger city were attributed to the greatest metal contamination of its compost.

RESUMOA adsorção de Cu e Zn é um dos principais fenômenos responsáveis pela disponibilidade desses elementos para as plantas. Portanto, estudos sobre a adsorção desses elementos em solos podem ser ferramentas úteis para compreensão da relação entre características dos solos e retenção desses micronutrientes. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho objetivou caracterizar a adsorção de Cu e Zn em amostras de seis Latossolos de Minas Gerais e as influências de características dos solos sobre os parâmetros de adsorção obtidos pelas equações de Langmuir e de Freundlich. Para tanto, foram utilizadas soluções de cloreto de cobre e cloreto de zinco nas concentrações 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 e 140 mg L -1 , ajustadas a pH 5,5. As equações de Langmuir e Freundlich foram eficientes na determinação dos parâmetros de adsorção de Zn e Cu, sendo os teores de argila e de matéria orgânica, respectivamente, as características mais bem relacionadas com a capacidade de adsorção desses elementos pelos solos. Os solos estudados apresentaram maior energia de ligação dos sítios de troca e maior capacidade de adsorção máxima para Cu relativamente ao Zn. O P remanescente não se correlacionou com os parâmetros de adsorção de Zn, em virtude, provavelmente, da influência da matéria orgânica em sua determinação. Este fato pode limitar sua eficiência na previsão da adsorção deste elemento em solos com alto teor de C orgânico.

The occurrence of micronutrient deficiencies, mainly of manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in "cerrado" soils, has been increasing in several crops, including bean. Such a problem is caused by high rates of liming material applied entirely on the soil surface. In this study, the effects of the leaf application of Mn and Zn rates were evaluated. Three experiments were carried out: two in greenhouse and one under field conditions. The greenhouse experiments were set up using a randomized block design and a 5 x 5 factorial, with three replicates, consisting of five rates of Mn (0, 75, 150, 300, and 600 g ha -1 ) and five rates of Zn (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 g ha -1 ) applied via leaves at the 25 th day, or both alternatively parceled at 25 and 35 days after emergency (DAE), respectively, for the first and second experiments. In the field experiment, a randomized block design was used with four replicates, and the same treatments as those used in the greenhouse. Leaf applications performed at 25 and 35 DAE were efficient in correcting the symptoms of the Mn and Zn deficiencies. The combined application of Mn and Zn caused an increase in plant height, primary yield components as number of grains per pod, number of pods per plant, and productivity itself.

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RESUMO -A contaminação do solo é frequentemente associada às atividades agrícolas, industriais e de mineração, bem como à reutilização de resíduos urbanos e, ou, de origem animal. Tais atividades podem promover o acúmulo de metais pesados no solo, elementos potencialmente nocivos à qualidade ambiental e ao bem-estar dos seres vivos. A fitorremediação é uma tecnologia de recuperação de áreas degradadas que visa à descontaminação do solo. Pela sua maior produção de biomassa, as espécies florestais são capazes de imobilizar e exportar para fora de qualquer sistema, através de sua biomassa, maiores quantidades de elementos químicos presentes no solo. Nesse contexto, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento do cedro-rosa em solo contaminado com metais pesados. Mudas dessa árvore foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação, em solo contaminado com Cu (0, 60, 80, 100, 500 mg kg -1), e, ao final de 105 dias, características das plantas e do solo foram analisadas. O cedro-rosa apresentou ganho de matéria seca até a dose de 100 mg kg -1 de Cu, seguido de decréscimo no desenvolvimento vegetal nas doses maiores. Foi verificada maior partição de matéria seca para a raiz em detrimento da parte aérea. Os teores de Cu na planta responderam positivamente às doses aplicadas no solo. O fator de bioconcentração da raiz obtido sugere que o cedro-rosa possui acúmulo de Cu na raiz, o que permite indicar tal espécie como promissora para fins de fitoestabilização de solos contaminados.Palavras-chave: Fitorremediação, Metais pesados, Recuperação de áreas degradadas e Cedrela fissilis Vell. (Meliaceae). DEVELOPMENT OF CEDRO-ROSA SEEDLINGS IN SOIL CONTAMINATED BY COPPER: TOLERANCE AND THE POTENTIAL FOR SOIL PHYTOSTABILIZATION PROPOSAL

The interception of the rainfall by the forest canopy has great relevance to the nutrient geochemistry cycle in low fertility tropical soils under native or cultivated forests. However, little is known about the modification of the rainfall water quality and hydrological balance after interception by the canopies of eucalyptus under pure and mixed plantations with leguminous species, in Brazil. Samples of rainfall (RF), throughfall (TF) and stemflow (SF) were collected and analyzed in pure plantations of mangium (nitrogen fixing tree -NFT), guachapele (NFT) and eucalyptus (non-nitrogen fixing tree -NNFT) and in a mixed stand of guachapele and eucalyptus in Seropédica, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Nine stemflow collectors (in selected trees) and nine pluviometers were randomly disposed under each stand and three pluviometers were used to measure the incident rainfall during 5.5 months. Mangium conveyed 33.4% of the total rainfall for its stem. An estimative based on corrections for the average annual precipitation (1213 mm) indicated that the rainfall's contribution to the nutrient input (kg ha-1) was about 8.42; 0.95; 19.04; 6.74; 4.72 and 8.71 kg ha-1 of N-NH4+, P, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2 and Na+, respectively. Throughfall provided the largest contributions compared to the stemflow nutrient input. The largest inputs of N-NH4+ (15.03 kg ha-1) and K+ (179.43 kg ha-1) were observed under the guachapele crown. Large amounts of Na+ denote a high influence of the sea. Mangium was the most adapted species to water competitiveness. Comparatively to pure stand of eucalyptus, the mixed plantation intensifies the N, Ca and Mg leaching by the canopy, while the inputs of K and P were lower under these plantations.

The removal of Cu, Ni and Zn from electroplating effluents by adsorption in cattle manure vermicompost has been discussed. A glass column 38 cm long and 7 cm i.d. was loaded with cattle manure vermicompost and effluents were passed through it. The metal concentrations were measured in the elutant. The experiments on adding effluent aliquots into the columns were continued until the metal concentrations in the elutant reached the maximum values established for effluent discharges in water courses by the Brazilian quality criteria, i.e., Cu=1.0 mg L(-1), Ni=2.0 mg L(-1), and Zn=5.0 mg L(-1). The amount of Cu retention by the vermicompost was determined at the natural effluent pH (2.0). The Zn and Ni retentions were evaluated at the natural effluent pH (6.9 and 7.4, respectively) as well pH 2.0. Vermicompost residues obtained from this process were used for lettuce cultivation. The vermicompost was found to be efficient in removing metals from the electroplating wastes, as well as in the increase of its pH values. Metal retention values were close to 100%. The Cu concentrations in lettuce leaves from the treatment with vermicompost enriched with this metal were below the range of critical toxicity level to plants, i.e., from 20 to 100 mg L(-1). However, the estimated Cu concentrations in the roots from the treatment with vermicompost enriched with Cu were much larger than that of the treatment with the natural vermicompost, reaching 246.3 mg L(-1). The Ni and Zn concentrations in lettuce leaves from the treatments, with vermicomposts enriched with the respective metals, were above the range of critical toxicity levels to plants, i.e., from 10 to 50 mg kg(-1) and from 15 to 30 mg kg(-1), respectively. However, no symptom of toxicity was found visually. Larger accumulations of Cu, Ni and Zn were found in the lettuce leaves than in the roots after the treatments with the uncontaminated vermicompost. A greater absorption of Cu and Ni by roots was found in treatments with vermicompost enriched with these elements, whereas Zn was found preferentially in the leaves. The statistical analysis was done by analyses of variance and regression.

BackgroundThe Geminiviridae family encompasses a group of single-stranded DNA viruses with twinned and quasi-isometric virions, which infect a wide range of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants and are responsible for significant economic losses worldwide. Geminiviruses are divided into nine genera, according to their insect vector, host range, genome organization, and phylogeny reconstruction. Using rolling-circle amplification approaches along with high-throughput sequencing technologies, thousands of full-length geminivirus and satellite genome sequences were amplified and have become available in public databases. As a consequence, many important challenges have emerged, namely, how to classify, store, and analyze massive datasets as well as how to extract information or new knowledge. Data mining approaches, mainly supported by machine learning (ML) techniques, are a natural means for high-throughput data analysis in the context of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics.ResultsHere, we describe the development of a data warehouse enriched with ML approaches, designated geminivirus.org. We implemented search modules, bioinformatics tools, and ML methods to retrieve high precision information, demarcate species, and create classifiers for genera and open reading frames (ORFs) of geminivirus genomes.ConclusionsThe use of data mining techniques such as ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) to feed our database, as well as algorithms based on machine learning for knowledge extraction, allowed us to obtain a database with quality data and suitable tools for bioinformatics analysis. The Geminivirus Data Warehouse (geminivirus.org) offers a simple and user-friendly environment for information retrieval and knowledge discovery related to geminiviruses.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-017-1646-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.