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RESUMOA cor é um dos principais atributos considerados na classificação dos solos, indicando a riqueza em matéria orgânica e a natureza mineralógica dos óxidos de ferro presentes. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a capacidade preditiva da cor do solo, determinada pela técnica de refletância difusa, na quantificação dos óxidos de Fe hematita e goethita em diferentes Latossolos brasileiros. Os espectros de refletância separaram os solos mais claros e amarelados dos mais escuros e de coloração vermelha mais intensa, indicando o aumento da refletividade decorrente da redução dos teores dos pigmentos hematita e matéria orgânica. A técnica espectroscópica permitiu a obtenção de valores de matizes mais precisos, com vantagem sobre a Caderneta de Munsell, que fornece dados a intervalos de 2,5 YR. A presença de hematita e goethita nas amostras foi facilmente identificada pela utilização da segunda derivada da função KubelkaMunk. A similaridade dos espectros desta função, obtida para a terra fina, terra fina tratada com hipoclorito de sódio e fração argila, revela o pequeno efeito da matéria orgânica na expressão das curvas derivativas. Tais resultados indicam que esta técnica pode ser usada sem que seja necessária a separação da referida fração textural, como normalmente observado em outras técnicas de caracterização mineralógica. A segunda derivada da função Kubelka-Munk permitiu ainda a adequada estimativa dos teores de goethita e, principalmente, de hematita presentes nas diferentes amostras.

Agroecology aims to maintain ecosystem services by minimizing the impact of agriculture and promoting the use of biological potential. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are elements which are key to improving crop productivity and soil quality. It is pertinent to understand how agricultural management in the tropics affects the AMF spatio-temporal community composition, especially in crops of global importance, such as coffee (Coffea arabica L.). Soil and root samples were collected from three localities under three management systems (agroecological, conventional and forest fragment), during the phenological stages of coffee (flowering, grain filling, harvesting). Spores were extracted for morphological identification and molecular community analysis by PCR–DGGE. Dendrograms were prepared and the bands were sequenced and analyzed by bioinformatics. No differences were observed in the richness of morphospecies between management systems, localities and period, but little is known about tropical species. Molecular analysis showed that the agroecological management system was similar to natural forest and with a higher diversity indices than conventional management. Locality and period of sample affect AMF community composition. It is necessary to associate classical taxonomic evaluations with molecular biological techniques because different approaches can lead to different outcomes. This study contributes to the understanding of the impact of agriculture management systems on AMF and provides evidence that agroecology is a management system applicable to sustainable coffee production.

a b s t r a c tAgroforestry systems may help significantly reduce atmospheric carbon levels in forthcoming years through photosynthesis and regulation of soil CO 2 efflux. This study aimed to characterise the soil CO 2 efflux dynamics of coffee plants cultivated under agroforestry and full-sun production systems and identify the factors that regulate this process. The study was carried out in agroforestry and full-sun coffee systems on three family farms in Minas Gerais, the Atlantic Forest Biome, Brazil during three consective days on each farm. Twenty 1-m 2 sampling areas (10 for each system), each separated by a distance of 5 × 5 m and located between coffee plant rows, were selected on each farm. Soil physical and chemical attributes, air temperature and humidity, soil temperature and moisture, the percentage of canopy cover, and soil CO 2 efflux were measured at each sampling area in the two systems. The air and soil temperature in the agroforestry systems were lower and soil moisture was higher than in the full-sun systems. Soil CO 2 efflux showed different dynamics in the two systems. Daytime soil CO 2 efflux was more stable (i.e. from morning to midday) in the agroforestry system (average 15% increase) compared to the full-sun system (average 49.1% increase). Soil CO 2 efflux was regulated by labile carbon and total nitrogen variation in the agroforestry systems, and by soil temperature variation at a depth of 10 cm in the full-sun systems. A principal components analysis with data from all grouped systems showed that soil CO 2 efflux was generally positively correlated with soil temperature at 5 and 10 cm depths, and negatively correlated with soil moisture. In conclusion, agroforestry systems promote microclimate stability and decrease soil CO 2 efflux variability compared to full-sun systems.