Purpose: To evaluate the signifi cance of several risk factors for prostate cancer in a cohort of Brazilian men. Subjects and methods: Men  40 years-old participating in a prostate cancer screening program between December 2006 and April 2011 in the city of Curitiba, Brazil, were evaluated to determine the prevalence, relative risk (RR) and 95% CI of prostate cancer according to age, race, ethnicity, family history of prostate cancer, educational level, and history of vasectomy, increased blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and urethritis. Results: In 2121 men included in this study, prostate cancer prevalence was 0.6% for men between 40-49 years versus 2.0% (adjusted RR = 2.58), 7.7% (adjusted RR = 5.76), and 8.4% (adjusted RR = 4.88) for men 50-59 years, 60-69 years, and  70 years, respectively (p < 0.05 to all). The prevalence of cancer was 5.1% in blacks versus 3.3% in whites (adjusted RR = 1.56, p > 0.05); 6.1% in African descendants, in comparison to 3.0% in non-African descendants (adjusted RR = 3.17, p < 0.05); 5.1% in men with a positive family history, compared to 2.5% in those with no family history (adjusted RR = 1.55, p > 0.05); and 4.8% in participants with incomplete elementary school level or lower, compared to 2.2% in men with complete elementary school level or higher education (adjusted RR = 1.85, p > 0.05). Men with/without history of vasectomy, increased blood pressure, diabetes, and urethritis had a prostate cancer prevalence of 0.8%/3.0% (adjusted RR = 0.23, p > 0.05), 3.8%/2.2% (adjusted RR = 1.16, p > 0.05), 3.7%/2.6% (adjusted RR = 1.39, p > 0.05), and 2.6%/2.6% (adjusted RR = 0.99, p > 0.05), respectively. Conclusions: Risk factors associated with an increased prevalence of prostate cancer in this cohort included increasing age and African ethnicity.

Purpose: To report the prevalence and risk factors of penile lesions/anomalies in a Metropolitan Brazilian city. Materials and Methods: All participants undergoing prostate cancer screening in the city of Curitiba were systematically examined to identify penile lesions including cutaneous mycosis, sexually transmitted diseases, penile cancer, meatal stenosis, hypospadias, and Peyronie's disease. Outcomes of interest included the prevalence and the relative risk and 95% confidence intervals of the lesions/anomalies according to age, school level, race, personal history of diabetes, arterial hypertension, nonspecific urethritis, and vasectomy. Results: Balanoposthitis occurred in 11.8% of all participants, with an increased risk in those with diabetes (RR = 1.73), or past history of nonspecific urethritis (RR = 1.58); tinea of the penis was present in 0.2%; condyloma acuminata in 0.5%; herpes virus infection in 0.4%; urethral discharge in 0.2%; genital vitiligo in 0.7%, with an increased prevalence in non-white men (RR = 4.43), and in subjects with lower school level (RR = 7.24); phimosis in 0.5%, with a nearly 7-fold increased risk in diabetics; lichen sclerosus in 0.3%; stenosis of the external urethral meatus in 0.7%, with a higher prevalence in subjects with lichen sclerosus (RR = 214.9), and in those older than 60 years of age (RR = 3.57); hypospadia in 0.6%; fibrosis suggestive of Peyronie's disease in 0.9%, especially in men older than 60 years (RR = 4.59) and with diabetes (RR = 3.91); and penile cancer in 0.06%. Conclusion: We estimated the prevalence and risk factors of commonly seen penile diseases in an adult cohort of Brazilian men.

ABSTRATCPurpose: This study has analyzed the giochemical and morphological effects on the remmant kidney in rats which were submitted to progressive surgical ablation of renal mass. Methods: Sixty Wistar male rats, weighing between 210 and 380g, were used and they were distributed in 3 groups of 20 animals each. The rats from the groups called 1, 2 and 3 were submitted to the surgical removal of renal tissue equivalent to ½, 2/3 and 5/6 of the whole renal mass, respectively. Then the groups were subdivided into 2 subgroups and they were operated again within 24 hours (subgroups 1B, 2B and 3B) and within 8 weeks (subgroups 1C, 2C and 3C) for the removal of the remnant kidney. 24-hour urine and blood were collected to analyze serum creatinine, clearance of creatinine and proteinuria in the first surgical intervention and at the time of the re-operation. The remnant kidney was submitted to a macroscopic evaluation for the degree of hypertrophy and to the analysis of histology. Results: There was a significant increase of the volume of the remnant kidney (164%) and glomerular sclerosis was present in 40% of the animals submitted to the ablation of 5/6 of renal mass. Functional alterations characterized by the increase of urinary excretion of proteins (50% in group 3), rise in the serum creatinine (261% subgroup 2B; 371% subgroup 3B, 118% subgroup 3C) and a significant reduction of the clearance of creatinine (control x subgroup 3C = 2,88 x 1,15 ml/min: p<0,05 were also observed. Conclusion: The compensatory renal hypertrophy, as well as the glomerular injury translated in the form of proteinuria and sclerosis, are closed related to the volume of the remnant kidney, thus they are more evident when a greater fraction of the renal tissue is excised. Key words: Kidney. Nephrectomy. Surgery. Creatinine. Rats. RESUMOObjetivo: O estudo analisou os efeitos bioquímicos e morfológicos sobre o rim remanescente em ratos submetidos à ablação cirúrgica progressiva da massa renal. Métodos: Foram utilizados 60 ratos machos Wistar, pesando entre 210 e 380g, distribuídos em 3 grupos contendo 20 animais cada. Os ratos dos grupos denominados de 1,2 e 3 foram submetidos à remoção cirúrgica de tecido renal equivalente a ½, 2/3 e 5/6 da massa renal total, respectivamente. Os grupos foram então subdivididos em 2 subgrupos e reoperados em 24 horas (subgrupos 1B, 2B, 3B) e em 8 semanas (subgrupos 1C, 2C, 3C) para remoção do rim remanescente. Foram obtidas coletas de urina de 24 horas e sangue para análise da creatinina sérica, depuração da creatinina e proteinúria na primeira intervenção cirúrgica e por ocasião da reoperação. O rim remanescente foi submetido à avaliação macroscópica do grau de hipertrofia e à análise histológica. Resultados: Houve aumento significativo do volume do rim remanescente (164%) e presença de esclerose glomerular em 40% dos animais submetidos à ablação de 5/6 da massa renal. Alterações funcionais caracterizadas pelo aumento da excreção urinária de proteínas (50% no grupo 3), elevação dos níveis séricos da creatinin...

INTRODUcTIONProstate cancer is the most common form of noncutaneous cancer in men and the second leading cause of male cancer mortality. The incidence of prostate cancer varies according to racial/ethnic differences in several countries (1). The estimated incidence of prosBackground: Black men have a higher incidence of prostate cancer compared with White men in several countries. In Brazil, most studies reported a similar prevalence of prostate cancer between Blacks and Whites as a result of the high race mixture of the population. Objective: To perform a systematic review with meta-analysis of the prevalence of prostate cancer in Black versus White, Brown versus White, and Black versus Brown Brazilian men. Design, Setting, and Participants: This systematic review included cohort, cross sectional and case-control studies comparing the prevalence of prostate cancer between races in Brazil. It was performed using an electronic search of references in bibliographic databases, and dissertations and theses databases from several Brazilian hospitals, universities, and schools of medicine. Meta-analysis was conducted using the RevMan software from the Cochrane Collaboration. To control for potential confounding variables, sensitivity analyses excluding case-control and cross sectional studies were performed. Measurements: The outcomes of interest included the number of participants, prevalence of prostate cancer, and odds ratio of cancer between Black and White men, Brown and White men, and Black and Brown men. Results and Limitations: : Twelve studies approaching the prevalence of prostate cancer in Black or Brown vs. White men in Brazil were identifi ed, totalizing 41388 participants. The prevalence of prostate cancer was 9.6% in Black vs. 5.6% in White men (OR 1.58), 10.1% in Black vs. 6.7% in Brown men (OR 1.43), and 6.7% in Brown vs. 6.6% in White men (OR 1.14). Limitations of this review refl ect the complexity and ambiguity in the defi nition of who is Black and who is not in such an heterogeneous population like the Brazilian people. Conclusions: This systematic review with meta-analysis demonstrates a higher prevalence of prostate cancer in Black men compared to White or Brown Brazilian men. The prevalence of prostate cancer is similar in Brown versus White men.

-ORIGINAL ARTICLE EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGYLong-term effects of the testicular torsion on the spermatogenesis of the contralateral testis and the preventive value of the twisted testis orchiepididymectomy 1 Efeitos tardios da torção testicular sobre a espermatogênese do testículo contralateral e o valor preventivo da orquiepididimectomia do testículo torcido ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To determine whether the testicular torsion causes long-term effects on the spermatogenesis of the contralateral testis, and whether the orchiepididymectomy of the twisted testis could prevent them, using specific spermatogenesis parameters to elucidate the conflicting results in the literature. METHODS: Seventy-four pubertal male Wistar rats were randomly selected. The experimental group consisted of 40 rats, divided into four subgroups, submitted to 1.080 degrees counterclockwise left testicular torsion and its scrotal fixation at the beginning of the experiment, and left orchiepididymectomy at one, five, ten and 90 days, respectively. The control group consisted of 24 rats, divided into four sham operation control subgroups. An additional control subgroup consisted of the ten remaining rats, submitted only to the left orchiepididymectomy at the beginning. At 90 days, the contralateral testes of the experimental and control subgroups were collected for the evaluation of their spermatogenesis parameters: testicular weight, seminiferous tubular diameter, Johnsen score and differential counting of the germ cells. RESULTS:No statistically significant differences were observed among the experimental and control subgroups for all of the spermatogenesis parameters of the contralateral testes. CONCLUSIONS: Testicular torsion does not cause long-term effects on the spermatogenesis of the contralateral testis in pubertal rats, and the orchiepididymectomy of the twisted testis is not necessary for preventive purposes for the contralateral spermatogenesis. Key words: Spermatic Cord Torsion. Spermatogenesis. Testis. Rats. RESUMO OBJETIVO:Determinar se a torção testicular causa efeitos tardios sobre a espermatogênese do testículo contralateral e se a orquiepididimectomia do testículo torcido poderia preveni-los, usando parâmetros específicos da espermatogênese para elucidar os resultados conflitantes na literatura. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 74 ratos machos púberes da linhagem Wistar. O grupo experimental foi composto por 40 ratos divididos em quatro subgrupos, submetidos à torção anti-horária de 1,080 graus do testículo esquerdo e sua fixação escrotal no início do experimento e à orquiepidimectomia esquerda com um, cinco, dez e 90 dias, respectivamente. O grupo controle foi composto por 24 ratos divididos em quatro subgrupos de cirurgias simuladas. Um subgrupo controle adicional foi constituído pelos dez ratos restantes submetidos unicamente à orquiepididimectomia esquerda no início do experimento. Aos 90 dias, os testículos contralaterais dos subgrupos experimentais e controles foram coletados para avaliação dos parâmetros de suas espermat...

the markers CD34 and P27 are associated with events specific to prostate cancer, however, only CD34 was able to determine the possibility of biochemical recurrence.

PURPOSE: To assess the incidence of testicular necrosis/atrophy immediately after 1 to 4 hours of 1,080-degree torsion of the spermatic cord, and 60 days after detorsion of the spermatic cord. METHODS: 42 rats were divided in 7 groups. Except for the control group, surgical torsion of the right spermatic cord was performed in all groups (T0). After 1, 2, or 4 hours of torsion, each group underwent either ipsilateral orchiectomy (groups OT1, OT2, and OT4), or detorsion of the spermatic cord and observation for 60 days (groups DT1, DT2, and DT4), before they were evaluated for the presence of testicular necrosis/atrophy. RESULTS: Only one rat (5.5%) in groups OT1, OT2, and OT4 had testicular necrosis, in comparison with six rats (33.3%) in groups DT1, DT2, and DT4 (p=0.04). The incidence of testicular necrosis/atrophy was not different between subgroups T1, T2, and T4, and the control group (p>0.05). There was, however, a tendency toward greater incidence of necrosis/atrophy in the rats in group DT4. CONCLUSION: The incidence of testicular necrosis/atrophy immediately after 1 to 4 hours of 1,080-degree torsion of the spermatic cord is 5.5%, in comparison with 33.3% sixty days after detorsion of the spermatic cord.

The function and renal morphology of rats submitted to a unilateral nephrectomy were not significantly influenced by prolonged and successive pneumoperitoneum, according to this study's biochemical and histological findings.