The Fusarium head blight emerged as the main disease of wheat in Lithuania in 2012. The chemotype diversity of FHB pathogens was not investigated prior that time. In this study chemotype determination of pure F. graminearum cultures, the main cause of FHB in wheat, isolated from grain and chemotype detection rates in homogenized grain were compared. A total of 105 pure culture F. graminearum isolates from 2013 and 144 homogenized wheat grain samples from 2013 and 2014 were analysed for presence and quantification of 15ADON, 3ADON and NIV chemotype DNA. Results show that 15ADON chemotype was clearly dominant in pure culture isolates, but not in homogenized grain, where 3ADON incidence was almost as high. Also the results allow dismissal of other toxigenic Fusarium species, F. culmorum, as either a source of NIV or the main source of 3ADON chemotype DNA in grain.
Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides, but is still in the spotlight due to its controversial impact on the environment and human health. The main purpose of this study was to explore the effects of different glyphosate usages on harvested grain/seed contamination. Two field experiments of different glyphosate usage were carried out in Central Lithuania during 2015–2021. The first experiment was a pre-harvest application, with two timings, the first according to the label (14–10 days), and the other applied 4–2 days before harvest (off-label), performed in winter wheat and spring barley in 2015 and 2016. The second experiment consisted of glyphosate applications at label rate (1.44 kg ha−1) and double dose rate (2.88 kg ha−1) at two application timings (pre-emergence of crop and at pre-harvest), conducted in spring wheat and spring oilseed rape in 2019–2021. The results suggest that pre-emergence application at both dose rates did not affect the harvested spring wheat grain or spring oilseed rape seeds—no residues were found. The use of glyphosate at pre-harvest, despite the dosage and application timing, led to glyphosate’s, as well as its metabolite, aminomethosphonic acid’s, occurrence in grain/seeds, but the amounts did not reach the maximum residue levels according to Regulation (EC) No. 293/2013. The grain storage test showed that glyphosate residues remain in grain/seeds at steady concentrations for longer than one year. A one year study of glyphosate distribution within main and secondary products showed that glyphosate residues were mainly concentrated in wheat bran and oilseed rape meal, while no residues found in cold-pressed oil and wheat white flour, when glyphosate used at pre-harvest at the label rate.
The aim of the study was to determine the impact of residues of detergents and disinfectants on the results of most commonly used inhibitor tests for raw milk. Microbiological test (Delvotest SP-NT)and three rapid tests (Charm 3 MRL BL/TET2, Charm ROSA MRL BL/TET and Penzym)were used in the study. Three concentrations (recommended by the manufacturer, 10 times lower and twice higher) of36 detergents and disinfectants in raw milk were investigated. All methods did not detect concentrations of detergents and disinfectants of alkaline and acid origin 10 times lower than recommended by the manufacturer. 39% of the investigated substances of alkaline origin were detected by Delvotest SP-NT and Penzym; Charm testsshowed non-typical results only. Delvotest SP-NT did not detect substances of acid origin; Penzym detected 50% of these substances, Charm testsshow abstract
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