Female BD patients with OCD may represent a more severe form of disorder than those without OCD, having more depressive episodes and residual symptoms, and being at a higher risk for treatment-emergent mania, as well as presenting a greater anxiety and impulse control disorder burden.

A clinical study comparing manic and mixed episodes in patients with bipolar disorder Estudo clínico comparativo entre episódios de mania e mistos em pacientes com transtorno bipolar A b s t r a c t Objective: Mixed episodes have been described as more severe than manic episodes, especially due to their longer duration and their association with higher rates of suicide attempts, hospitalization and psychotic symptoms. The purpose of this study was to compare the severity between mixed and pure manic episodes according to DSM-IV criteria, through the evaluation of sociodemographic data and clinical characteristics. Method: Twenty-nine bipolar I patients presenting acute mixed episodes were compared to 20 bipolar I patients with acute manic episodes according to DSM-IV criteria. We analyzed (cross-sectionally) episode length, presence of psychotic symptoms, frequency of suicide attempts and hospitalization, Young Mania Rating Scale scores, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores and the Clinical Global Assessment Scale scores. Results: Young Mania Rating Scale scores were higher in manic episodes than in mixed episodes. There were no differences in gender frequency, CGI scores and rates of hospitalization, suicide attempts and psychotic symptoms, when mixed and manic episodes where compared.Patients with mixed episodes were younger. Conclusion: In our sample, mixed states occurred at an earlier age than manic episodes. Contrary to previous reports, we did not find significant differences between manic and mixed episodes regarding severity of symptomatology, except for manic symptoms ratings, which were higher in acute manic patients. In part, this may be explained by the different criteria adopted on previous studies.Descriptors: Comparative study; Psychotic disorders; Bipolar disorder; Suicide, attempt; Hospitalization Resumo Objetivo: Estados mistos têm sido descritos como mais graves que episódios de mania, especialmente pela maior duração dos episódios, maiores taxas de suicídio, hospitalização e sintomas psicóticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a severidade entre episódios mistos e mania pura definidos segundo critérios do DSM-IV, avaliando-se características clínicas e sociodemográficas dos pacientes. Método: Vinte e nove pacientes bipolares do tipo I em estado misto foram comparados a 20 pacientes bipolares do tipo I em episódio de mania aguda de acordo com os critérios do DSM-IV. Analisou-se transversalmente a duração dos episódios, presença de sintomas psicóticos, tentativa de suicídio, hospitalização, escores da Escala de Sintomas de Mania de Young, escores da Escala de Depressão de Hamilton e Escala de Avaliação Clínica Global. Resultados: As pontuações na escala de avaliação de mania de Young foram maiores nos episódios de mania quando comparadas às de episódios mistos. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na freqüência de gêneros, nas pontuações da CGI, nas taxas de hospitalização, tentativa de suicídio e sintomas psicóticos entre episódios mistos e de mania. Pacientes com episód...

No abstract

Our results suggest that in women with comorbid bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder the latter presents features that may be typical of the association of the two disorders, such as early onset and sensory phenomena preceding compulsions. A prospective controlled study is necessary to confirm these observations, due to some limitations of our study: small exclusively female sample, heterogeneity concerning the type of bipolar disorder and the disorder that determined sought of treatment and retrospective non-controlled design.

Euthymic patients with bipolar disorder present inhibited and overattentive behaviour in relation to other people and their environment. This behaviour might have a negative impact on their level of social functioning and quality of life.

We did not find a significant difference in the NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratio between bipolar patients and healthy controls. Chronic administration of psychotropic drugs could have had an effect on NAA/Cr levels of bipolar patients.

KeywordsObjetivos: Realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre a mania induzida por antidepressivos, sua incidência, quadro clínico, fatores de risco e tratamento. Métodos: Foi realizado um levantamento no Medline dos artigos publicados entre 1970 e 2001. Foram incluí-dos estudos abertos e controlados bem como relatos de caso com casuística maior que cinco pacientes. Resultados: Mania induzida e mania espontânea parecem ter apresentações clínicas distintas, sendo a mania induzida mais leve e breve. Os fatores de risco para mania induzida ainda não estão bem estabelecidos. Conclusão: Existe um número muito limitado de estudos controlados e prospectivos sobre a mania induzida. Os antidepressivos estão associados a um aumento no risco de indução de mania. Este risco pode variar dependendo da droga utilizada. Portanto, os antidepressivos devem ser utilizados em pacientes bipolares consideradose tanto a eficácia clínica como os potenciais efeitos sobre o curso da doença.Depressão bipolar. Antidepressivo. Tratamento. Efeitos adversos. Iatrogenia. Objectives:To review the literature on antidepressant-induced mania, its incidence, clinical presentation, risk factors and treatment. Methods: A Medline search of studies published between 1970 and 2001 was carried out. Open and controlled studies as well as case series with data from more than five patients were included. Results: Antidepressant induced mania may differ clinically from spontaneous mania with a milder severity and shorter duration. The risk factors have not been established. Conclusion:A very limited number of prospective and controlled studies on antidepressant-induced mania have been published. Antidepressants have been associated with an increased risk of inducing mania. This risk may vary according to the drug utilized. Therefore antidepressants should be used in bipolar patients based on clinical efficacy as well as the potential effects on the course of the illness. Bipolar depression. Antidepressant. Treatment. Side effects. Iatrogenia.

Antidepressant treatment-emergent affective switch in bipolar disorder: a prospective case-control study of outcome Ciclagem afetiva associada a tratamento com antidepressivo no transtorno bipolar: estudo caso-controle prospectivo A b s t r a c t Objective: Treatment-emergent affective switch has been associated to cycle acceleration and poorer outcome, but there are few studies addressing this issue. The aim of this study was to prospectively compare the outcome of patients presenting treatment-emergent affective switch with patients with spontaneous mania, regarding presence and polarity of a new episode and time to relapse. Method: Twenty-four patients with bipolar disorder according to the DSM-IV were followed for 12 months. Twelve patients had treatment-emergent affective switch and twelve had spontaneous mania. Patients were evaluated weekly with the Young Mania Rating Scale and the Hamilton Depression Scale until remission of the index episode, and monthly until completion of the 12-month follow-up. Results: Eleven patients with treatment-emergent affective switch had a recurrence on follow-up, all of them with major depressive episodes. In the group with spontaneous mania, six patients had a recurrence: two had a depressive episode, and four had a manic episode (p = 0.069 for new episode, p = 0.006 for polarity of the episode). Patients with treatment-emergent affective switch relapsed in a shorter period than patients with spontaneous mania (p = 0.016). Conclusions: In this first prospective study, treatment-emergent affective switch patients were at greater risk of relapses, especially depressive episodes, and presented a shorter duration of remission when compared with patients with spontaneous mania. Descriptors: Bipolar disorder; Clinical protocol; Antidepressive agents; Treatment outcome; Affective symptomsResumo Objetivo: A ciclagem para mania associada ao antidepressivo tem sido relacionada à aceleração do ciclo e pior evolução, mas há poucos estudos na literatura sobre este assunto. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar prospectivamente a evolução de pacientes com mania associada a antidepressivo com pacientes com mania espontânea, em relação a tempo para recaída e polaridade do novo episódio. Método: Vinte e quatro pacientes com transtorno bipolar, de acordo com os critérios diagnósticos do DSM-IV, foram seguidos por 12 meses: 12 pacientes com mania associada a antidepressivo e 12 pacientes com mania espontânea. Os pacientes foram avaliados semanalmente com a Escala para Mania de Young e a Escala para Depressão de Hamilton até remissão do episódio inicial e, mensalmente, até completar o período de seguimento de 12 meses. Resultados: Onze pacientes com mania associada ao antidepressivo tiveram uma recorrência no seguimento, sendo todos os episódios depressivos. No grupo de mania espontânea, seis pacientes apresentaram recorrência, sendo dois episódios depressivos, e quatro episódios de mania (p = 0,069 para novo episódio e p = 0,006 para polaridade do episódio). Pacientes com mania associada a an...