-(Floristic of climbers in a seasonal semi-deciduous forest, Rio Claro -Araras, State of São Paulo, Brazil). This study aimed at characterizing the composition of climbers within a 230 ha fragment in Seasonal Semi-deciduous Forest located between the municipalities of Rio Claro and Araras (22º21'S and 47º28' -47 o 29'W, 630 m of altitude). Samples were collected monthly from September/2000 to April/2002, and the climbers were classified into two different groups (herbaceous vines or woody lianas); and according to their climbing patterns they were divided into twines, with tendrils, or scandent. A total of 148 species, distributed in 82 genera and 33 families were identified. Bignoniaceae (29 species), Asteraceae (19), Sapindaceae (12), Malpighiaceae (11), and Convolvulaceae (nine) were the richest families, with 54% of total species. Bignoniaceae presented the greatest number of species, and genera (16) confirming reports that it is the richest climbers family in the Seasonal Semideciduous Forest, as it has previously been stated by studies carried out in lowland neotropical forests. Like in other studies carried out in Seasonal Semi-deciduous Forests, woody climbers stood for approximately 2/3 of the diversity of all climbers. It was possible to record the predominance of both twining species (43%) and those with tendrils (39%) over the scandent species (18%). Although the composition of species may be quite distinct, the richest families and genera identified in this study are often identified as having the same relevance in previous studies conducted in Seasonal Semi-deciduous Forest in the state of São Paulo. , sendo as trepadeiras classificadas como herbáceas ou lenhosas e quanto às suas formas de escalar; em volúveis, com gavinhas ou não preensoras. Foram encontradas 148 espécies, distribuídas em 82 gêneros e 33 famílias. Bignoniaceae (29 espécies), Asteraceae (19), Sapindaceae (12), Malpighiaceae (11) e Convolvulaceae (nove) foram as famílias mais ricas, abrangendo 54% das espécies amostradas. Bignoniaceae apresentou o maior número de espécies e gêneros (16), corroborando outros relatos de que é a família mais rica em trepadeiras nas florestas estacionais semidecíduas e na maioria dos estudos realizados em florestas neotropicais de baixas altitudes. Como em outros estudos realizados em florestas estacionais semidecíduas, as trepadeiras lenhosas representaram aproximadamente 2/3 da riqueza desse componente. Verificou-se a prevalência das espécies volúveis (43%) e das espécies dotadas de gavinhas (39%) em relação às espécies não preensoras (18%). Se, por um lado, a composição de espécies se mostrou bastante distinta em relação a outros estudos conduzidos em florestas estacionais semidecíduas no Estado de São Paulo, as famílias e gêneros mais ricos em espécies são, em grande parte, concordantes.
RESUMO O conhecimento dos padrões fenológicos para um amplo grupo de espécies é importante ferramenta para elucidar o funcionamento e a estruturação de comunidades vegetais. Visando descrever os ritmos fenológicos de espécies de Cerrado e verificar se, em condições de cultivo, o conjunto de espécies segue o padrão observado para a vegetação natural, registramos quinzenalmente, durante quatro anos, a fenologia dos processos reprodutivos (floração e frutificação) e vegetativos (caducifolia e brotação) de 111 espécies de Cerrado cultivadas em arboreto na Floresta Estadual de Assis, SP, Brasil. Elaboramos um fenograma contendo a ocorrência de cada fenofase, mensalmente, para cada uma das espécies, bem como a frequência destas fenofases durante os anos de observações. Identificamos padrões gerais de sazonalidade da frutificação, floração e dinâmica foliar para o conjunto das espécies em condições de cultivo que correspondem ao encontrado na literatura para a fenologia de comunidades naturais de Cerrado.
Resumo Os estudos florísticos voltados às plantas mecanicamente dependentes (lianas e epífitas) permitiram vislumbrar a possível contribuição destes elementos para a riqueza e diversidade das florestas tropicais. No Brasil, o número de trabalhos enfocando especificamente o estudo florístico das lianas ainda é escasso. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivos caracterizar a composição florística de lianas e de seus mecanismos de ascensão na Estação Ecológica dos Caetetus, uma floresta estacional semidecidual do sudeste brasileiro, e apresentar chaves de identificação para as famílias e espécies de lianas deste fragmento florestal. Foram amostradas 74 espécies de 19 famílias, sendo as mais representativas Bignoniaceae (25 espécies), Sapindaceae (11), Apocynaceae (7), Malpighiaceae (7) e Fabaceae (6). Quanto aos mecanismos de ascensão, a forma preênsil foi a mais frequente, ocorrendo em 57% das espécies. Baseando-se nos resultados obtidos e nos demais estudos florísticos que enfocaram essa forma de vida, foi possível verificar que, para as florestas estacionais semideciduais do sudeste brasileiro, a família com maior riqueza específica é Bignoniaceae, seguida por Sapindaceae e Malpighiacae, e o mecanismo de ascensão predominante para as espécies lenhosas é a forma preênsil.
The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.
A floristic survey of climbing plants was carried out in an ecotone area of seasonal semideciduous forest (SSF) and forested savanna (CER), in Porto Ferreira State Park (PFSP), Southeastern Brazil. We sampled the reproductive specimens every month during two periods, March 2010 to September 2011 and April and July 2015. The surveys were performed by the walking method, and the sampled individuals were classified by habit, climbing mechanism and dispersal mode. Overall, 109 species, belonging to 67 genera and 29 families, were recorded; 49 species occurred in both, 29 and 31 were exclusive to SSF and CER, respectively. Bignoniaceae and Malpighiaceae were the richest families, with 17 species, followed by Sapindaceae (12 species), Asteraceae and Apocynaceae (8 species each) and Fabaceae (6). The majority of climbers were lianas, twining and anemochoric species, corresponding to 70%, 47% and 66% of all samples, respectively. In this work, we added one new family and 14 species to the Cerrado’s list of climbing plants from São Paulo state, and 10 species to the Brazilian seasonal semideciduous forest’s list. Therefore, we contributed to the understanding of diversity of climbing plants in vegetation types poorly studied for this plant group, mainly in the Cerradão, wherein we found new records for several species.
Famílias mais representativas segundo o número de espécies de lianas lenhosas, ocorrentes na área amostrada da Estação Ecológica dos Caetetus.
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