Abstract-During the last few years, Smart Electricity Meters have been deployed in several countries all around the world, replacing the trustable Electromechanical meter and even other electronic meters. Since the early deployments, many concerns and complaints from customers which do not trust Smart Meters accuracy have appeared. As a result, researchers of different institutions have been testing electricity meters under distorted waveform conditions and proposing methods to calibrate such meters in a more representative real world operative conditions. Applicable accuracy standards and regulations indicate a maximum distortion factor of 3% of the sinusoidal waveform for voltage and current during the calibration, which is not representative of many modern dynamic power quality scenarios. New tests and recommendations have been issued by regulatory bodies, but they are still not mandatory for meters to be certified. With many changes upcoming in the near future for the electrical Smart Grid like the inclusion of renewables, increasing non-linear loads, electric charging vehicles and other emerging technologies, the power quality conditions of the grid is expected to be significantly affected. In this paper, a review of the current and upcoming challenges for the smart meters is presented.
Numerous changes in electrical grid schemes, like the inclusion of renewable energy, the rise of non-linear loads and the emergence of electric vehicle charging, increases variable power quality conditions of the grid. In this dynamic scenario where energy could flow in both directions and the waveforms could be highly distorted, accuracy becomes a crucial factor for the correct measurement of electrical energy and power values. Errors in the assessment of these values have significant ramifications for revenue, billing and/or control. This non-ideal power quality scenario produces an error in electricity meters, that is not yet well known since there is no standardised procedure to calibrate meters under typical or emerging distorted waveform conditions. Current standards relevant for revenue energy meters like EN 50470-3:2006 allows measurements error up to ±2.5% while local regulations could be even more permissive. In order to establish an electricity fair trade market and meet expectations from consumers and utilities, electricity meters should arguably comply with higher accuracy standards. In this paper, the pertinence and possible impact of including tests under distorted waveform conditions, as well as new accuracy requirements on standards applicable to electricity meters for billing purposes will be discussed.
The design of digital hardware controllers for the integration of renewable energy sources in DC microgrids is a research topic of interest. In this paper, a Kalman filter-based maximum power point tracking algorithm is implemented in an FPGA and adapted in a dual active bridge (DAB) converter topology for DC microgrids. This approach uses the Hardware/Software (HW/SW) co-design paradigm in combination with a pipelined piecewise polynomial approximation design of the Kalman-maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm instead of traditional lookup table (LUT)-based methods. Experimental results reveal a good integration of the Kalman-MPPT design with the DAB-based converter, particularly during irradiation and temperature variations due to changes in weather conditions, as well as a goodbalanced hardware design in complexity and area-time performance compared to other state-of-art FPGA designs. INDEX TERMS DC-DC power converters, Power generation, Field programmable gate arrays.
In this paper, a low-cost Power Systems Metrology Laboratory, based on the Raspberry Pi board and the ADE7878 energy metering IC is presented. The designed experimental platform is intended for developing skills among the undergraduate students of the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, and the Autonomous University of Yucatan, Mexico. A series of exercises have been developed in order to measure different Power quantities and to evaluate different definitions of such quantities to observe how the accuracy of the measurements is affected, particularly, when non-sinusoidal conditions exist. The system is capable to perform measurements of single or three-phase, employing current transformers. A set of Simulink blocks is ready to use for the students, including PMU algorithms. The proposed laboratory facilitate the evaluation of new algorithms and functions, developed by the students.
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