A review of electrical metering accuracy standards in the context of dynamic power quality conditions of the grid

Abstract

Numerous changes in electrical grid schemes, like the inclusion of renewable energy, the rise of non-linear loads and the emergence of electric vehicle charging, increases variable power quality conditions of the grid. In this dynamic scenario where energy could flow in both directions and the waveforms could be highly distorted, accuracy becomes a crucial factor for the correct measurement of electrical energy and power values. Errors in the assessment of these values have significant ramifications for revenue, billing and/or control. This non-ideal power quality scenario produces an error in electricity meters, that is not yet well known since there is no standardised procedure to calibrate meters under typical or emerging distorted waveform conditions. Current standards relevant for revenue energy meters like EN 50470-3:2006 allows measurements error up to ±2.5% while local regulations could be even more permissive. In order to establish an electricity fair trade market and meet expectations from consumers and utilities, electricity meters should arguably comply with higher accuracy standards. In this paper, the pertinence and possible impact of including tests under distorted waveform conditions, as well as new accuracy requirements on standards applicable to electricity meters for billing purposes will be discussed.

Detecting Adversarial Attacks on Distribution System State Estimation with Feature Attributions

“…We introduce DEFEAT, a robust feature attribution-based detection strategy aimed at safeguarding DSSE by detecting the presence of malicious data. Through comprehensive 4 The European standard for energy meters (EN 50470-3:2006) allows measurement error of up to ±2.5% [30]. evaluation, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in identifying FDIAs and adversarial attacks generated using various surrogates, even in the presence of measurement noise.…”

Performance of Smart Revenue Meters Under Bidirectional Active Energy Flows in Energy Communities

“…The individual measurement errors are obtained using (22). Subsequently, the following condition regarding the acceptable difference limit determined by 𝜀 53 has to be met:…”

“…The influencing conditions, coming from real DSs, are further discussed in the literature, which reports the results when meters 2 > REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR MANUSCRIPT ID NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < were exposed to non-ideal power quality conditions [22] including harmonic distortion [23]- [24], and dynamic variations [25]- [26]. However, to the best of our knowledge, the ability of RMs (on individual outputs) to distinguish energy import and export under fast (frequent) changes in the power direction (e.g., as a result of active energy management in a prosumer's installation behind their meter) has not been considered; except a preliminary work from some of the authors [3].…”

Smart Meter Measurement-Based State Estimation for Monitoring of Low-Voltage Distribution Grids

“…Measurement devices such as smart meters do have some errors in their measurements. As per the European measurement instruments directive, the maximum permissible errors for electricity meters are ±2.5% and ±2.0% at the minimum and maximum current flows, respectively [31].…”