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The main aim of this paper is to investigate the market penetration and share of different wind turbine concepts during the years 1998–2002, a period when the increase in the wind power capacity is starting to mark an abrupt evolution (more than two GW per year). A detailed overview is performed based on suppliers market data and concept evaluation for each individual wind turbine type sold by the Top Ten suppliers over the selected five years. The investigation is processing information on a total number of approximately 90 wind turbine types from 13 different manufacturers, which have been on the Top Ten list of wind turbine suppliers during 1998 to 2002. The analysis is based on very comprehensive data, which cover approximately 76% of the accumulated world wind power installed at the end of 2002. The paper also provides an overall perspective on the contemporary wind turbine concepts, classified with respect to both their speed control ability and to their power control type. Trends for wind turbine concepts are discussed.

The paper presents an overall control method for variable speed pitch controlled wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG). Emphasis is on control strategies and algorithms applied at each hierarchical control level of the wind turbine. The objectives of the control system are: 1) to control the power drawn from the wind turbine in order to track the wind turbine maximum power operation point, 2) to limit the power in case of large wind speeds, and 3) to control the reactive power interchanged between the wind turbine generator and the grid. The present control method is designed for normal continuous operations. The strongest feature of the implemented control method is that it allows the turbine to operate with the optimum power efficiency over a wider range of wind speeds. The model of the variable speed, variable pitch wind turbine with doubly-fed induction generator is implemented in the dynamic power system simulation tool DIgSILENT PowerFactory which allows investigation of the dynamic performance of grid-connected wind turbines within realistic electrical grid models. Simulation results are presented and analysed in different normal operating conditions.

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Emphasis in this article is on the design of a co‐ordinated voltage control strategy for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines that enhances their capability to provide grid support during grid faults. In contrast to its very good performance in normal operation, the DFIG wind turbine concept is quite sensitive to grid faults and requires special power converter protection. The fault ride‐through and grid support capabilities of the DFIG address therefore primarily the design of DFIG wind turbine control with special focus on power converter protection and voltage control issues. A voltage control strategy is designed and implemented in this article, based on the idea that both converters of the DFIG (i.e. rotor‐side converter and grid‐side converter) participate in the grid voltage control in a co‐ordinated manner. By default the grid voltage is controlled by the rotor‐side converter as long as it is not blocked by the protection system, otherwise the grid‐side converter takes over the voltage control. Moreover, the article presents a DFIG wind farm model equipped with a grid fault protection system and the described co‐ordinated voltage control. The whole DFIG wind farm model is implemented in the power system simulation toolbox PowerFactory DIgSILENT. The DFIG wind farm ride‐through capability and contribution to voltage control in the power system are assessed and discussed by means of simulations with the use of a transmission power system generic model developed and delivered by the Danish Transmission System Operator Energinet.dk. The simulation results show how a DFIG wind farm equipped with voltage control can help a nearby active stall wind farm to ride through a grid fault, without implementation of any additional ride‐through control strategy in the active stall wind farm. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.

As more renewable energy sources, especially more wind turbines (WTs) are installed in the power system; grid codes for wind power integration are being generated to sustain stable power system operation with non-synchronous generation. Common to most of the grid codes, wind power plants (WPPs) are requested to stay connected and inject positive-sequence reactive current in order to boost positive-sequence grid voltage during short-circuit grid faults, irrespective of the fault type; symmetrical or asymmetrical. However, as shown in this study, when WPPs inject pure positive-sequence reactive current in case of asymmetrical faults, as a conventional method (CM) in accordance with the grid code requirement, positive-sequence grid voltage is boosted, but also higher negative sequence voltage in the grid and higher overvoltages at the non-faulty phases occur. In this study, an alternative injection method, where WTs are injecting both positive and negative sequence currents during asymmetrical faults, providing improved grid support, is given and compared with the CM. In addition, effect of coupling between positive, negative and zero sequences when WPPs are injecting currents during asymmetrical faults, is investigated, which was not considered in the wind power impact studies before.