The relationship between amylose to amylopectin ratio and functional properties of maize starch blends (system I) and "model mixtures" (system II) made of waxy and high amylose maize starch were investigated using the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). A 4-5% difference in amylose content caused significant difference in RVA curves and their first derivatives. Based on the first derivative of the RVA curves four different parameters (Peak 2, Peak Time 2, Peak 3, Peak Time 3) were defined. Peak viscosity and parameters were negatively correlated with amylose content confirming that amylopectin is mainly responsible for water uptake. The final viscosity of starch was very high and decreased as amylopectin or amylose was added, indicating that this parameter is the most sensitive to interactions in starch. In system II amount and characteristics of amylopectin seemed to primarily determine the pasting properties. Traditional RVA curves and parameters proved to be feasible to detect the differences between gel properties of the two systems after cooling. First derivative viscograms and alternative parameters seemed to be suitable to demonstrate the importance of interactions between the starch components during gelatinization. Our results confirmed that the Rapid Visco Analyser is a sensitive rheological tool for evaluating effects of starch structure and chemical composition on functional properties providing valuable help for food technologists.

Monotony in a gluten-free (GF) diet can be a challenge because of a limited choice of acceptable cereal sources. This study investigates the potential of five types of differently coloured lentils in the development of GF cookies using rice flour as a reference. Raw materials (lentil flours) and cookies were characterised in terms of physicochemical parameters (e.g., crude protein content, total phenolics and flavonoids, antioxidant properties, colour, pH); additionally, geometry, baking loss and texture profile were determined for the cookies. A sensory acceptance test was also conducted to find out consumer preferences regarding rice versus different lentil cookies. Results showed that lentil cookies were superior to rice control in terms of higher crude protein (12.1–14.8 vs. 3.8 g/100 g), phenolic (136.5–342.3 vs. 61.5 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g) and flavonoid (23.8–75.9 vs. 13.1 mg catechin equivalents/100 g) content and antioxidant capacity (0.60–1.81 vs. 0.35 mmol trolox equivalents/100 g), as well as lower hydroxymethyl-furfural content (<1 vs. 26.2 mg/kg). Consumers preferred lentil cookies to rice ones (overall liking: 6.1–7.0 vs. 5.6, significant differences for red and brown lentils), liking especially their taste (6.3–7.0 vs. 5.5). Depending on the target parameter, whether physicochemical or sensory, these lentil flours can be promising raw materials for GF bakery products.

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Cereal Chem. 82(5):488-493The process of germination in six different wheat cultivars was monitored using NIR spectroscopy and the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) method. Near-infrared spectra provided insight into both chemical and physical changes that occur in the seed, in particular mobilization processes involving carbohydrates. RVA curves also contain physical and chemical information and can be interpreted as physicochemical spectra. The process of germination was followed sensitively through the RVA curves and some rheological parameters (peak viscosity, trough, breakdown, final viscosity, and setback) were highly correlated (R = 0.95-0.98) with predicted values calculated from NIR spectra. Viscosity data calculated from RVA curves collected at 200-480 sec showed the most characteristic changes during the early heat treatment stage of the pasting procedure. Strong intercorrelations were found between viscosity data and NIR spectra from the beginning of the swelling and gelatinization processes in germinating seed. The NIR and RVA methods were sensitive tools for the rapid investigation of the germination process, which is important both from a physiological and technological point of view.

The challenges of beer microfiltration are fouling and to get decent quality. These problems can be partially eliminated with the use of Static Turbulence Promoter (STP). In this study, STP (pitch diameter ratio of 2, 13.2 mm pitch length, 6.5 mm diameter, 241 mm length, and 1.2 mm thickness), Pall Membralox T1‐70 membrane, and lager beer were used for the filtrations. Experiments were performed with combinations of different parameters, such as usage of STP (No/Yes), Transmembrane Pressure (TMP) (0.4–1.2 bar), and Retentate Flow Rate (Q) (50–200 L hr−1). Experiments were ranked with Sum of Ranking Differences based on the analytical properties, hydrodynamic and separation characteristics parameters. The best conditions were the following: STP = Yes, TMP = 0.4 bar, Q = 50 L hr−1; STP = No, TMP = 0.4 bar, Q = 200 L hr−1; STP = Yes, TMP = 1.2 bar, Q = 200 L hr−1. Practical applications Clarification of rough beer is important because of eliminating yeast and colloidal particles responsible for haze and ensuring the microbiological stability of beer. Our research has several practical applications as mentioned below. First clarification of rough beer by crossflow microfiltration is more sustainable technology than conventional clarification with Kieselguhr, because of lower carbon footprint, lower solid waste stream, less beer loss, and less health and safety concerns. In addition, the shelf life of the microfiltered beer is longer, because there is no iron pickup. Furthermore, according to the results better beer quality can be achieved with the application of novel Static Turbulence Promoter (STP) compared to the conventional (without STP) membrane filtration. It is important because product quality is partly responsible for consumer satisfaction. Finally, it has been proven that usage of STP can improve filtration throughput that means lower production cost.

There is a growing interest in high fiber diets due to their beneficial effects such as prevention of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, colonic cancer, coronary heart disease, and caries (Pareyt, Goovaerts, Broekaert, & Delcour, 2011; Reynolds et al., 2019). Dietary fiber addition is usually cause positive health effect when used at high concentration; in cookies, it is typically 10-30 g/100 g. At this level of use, dietary fiber usually causes lower quality such as decreased volume, decreased crispiness, or unpleasant dark color (Bilgicli, Sbenol, & Nur, 2007). High exposure to dietary fiber may also cause unpleasant symptoms such as gastrointestinal discomfort, laxative effect, or flatulence. Nondigestible oligosaccharides are reported to be effective prebiotics even at low concentration (Sako, Alonso, Domıńguez, & Parajó, 1999). Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are a new type of nondigestible oligosaccharides (NDO) and hence improve gut microecology including bacterial populations, and biochemical profiles therefore are claimed as prebiotics (Sako et al., 1999). Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are oligomers of two to ten β-1,4-linked xylose monomers and are hydrolysis products of xylan found in fruits, vegetables, bamboo, honey, milk, and in xylan-rich lignocellulosic material obtained from agricultural, forestal, and industrial waste (Carvalho et al., 2015; Madhukumar & Muralikrishna, 2012; Vázquez et al., 1999). These oligosaccharides are stable at temperatures up to 100°C and over the wide pH range of 2.5-8.0 therefore in the gastric pH range as well (Courtin, Swennen, Verjans, & Delcour, 2009). XOS are nondigestible, noncariogenic prebiotics.

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